Bloated and unhealthy plants--Oats of the Borderers, Norsemen, and Danes--Wheat as a wild plant--Barley--Rye--Where was the very first harvest?--Vine in the Caucasus--Indians sowing corn--Early weeds--Where did weeds live before cultivation?--Armies of weeds--Their cunning and ingenuity--Gardeners' feats--The Ideal Bean--Diseased pineapples--Raising beetroot and carrot--Story of the travels of Sugar-cane--Indian Cupid--Beetroot and Napoleon. It is difficult to understand the amount of labour and toil that has been spent on farmlands and pastures, if one only considers England. It is often impossible to discover one square mile still covered by the natural wild plants. It is all under corn or arable, or rich artificial meadowland. But from a Scotch hillside, as one looks down at the fertile valley below, one can see _first_ where the mosaic of hedges and dykes stops, _then_ where, after a narrow stretch of rough grass pasture, the cultivation ends; finally, where, ridge after ridge, rolling, heathery moorland, without enclosures and without any sign of man's handiwork, rises up to the highest peaks. This fills one with a respect and reverence towards our forbears, which is increased by a study of corn, turnips, and potatoes. Every one of these plants is a thoroughly unnatural, artificially bloated, and overfed sort of creature. Its constitution, as is usual with those who habitually overeat themselves, is delicate and unsound. No cultivated plant could exist for more than a season if man did not look after it and protect it from its rivals and weeds. Moreover, they are a curiously assorted lot. Wheat probably came from Asia Minor, Swedes from Scandinavia, Mangelwurzel from the Mediterranean, and Potatoes from Chile. Turnips and Carrots are indeed native Britishers, though the original wild carrot or turnip would never be recognized as such by any ordinary person. The history of every one of them is interesting. The Oat is the true Teutonic and Scandinavian grain, which has more "fibre" than any other cereal. There is an interesting passage in Froissart's _Chronicles_ describing the commissariat of those hardy Scotch borderers who raided and ruined the northern English counties whenever they felt inclined to do so.[118] They lived for the most part on the cattle of their enemies, but each man carried a small sack of oatmeal and a griddle, or iron plate, on which to make oatcake. So that each man supported himself. His little rough pony also was quite able to look after itself. [118] Or whenever they could do so successfully. (_Publisher's note._) That hardy plant, the Oat (_Avena sativa_) can be cultivated as far north as 69.50° N. lat. It is a native of Siberia and Western Europe.