The full ceremonies used in the solemn act of emancipation by the Anglosaxons are not known to us; but there is reason to suppose that they resembled those of other Teutonic nations. Generally these may be divided into civil and ecclesiastical; the former receiving their sanction from the authority of the people or the prince, the latter from the church and its peculiar influences. “He who would emancipate his serf shall deliver him to the sheriff, by the right hand, in full county, shall proclaim him free from all yoke of servitude by manumission, shall show him open roads and doors, and shall deliver unto him the arms of a free man, namely the lance and sword: thenceforth the man is free[416].” Such is the law of William the Conqueror, and it is repeated with little variation by Henry the First[417], except that there is no limitation to the sheriff and the county. But this was also one form of manumission among the Langobards. The person who was to be made _Fulfreal_ was delivered over successively into the hands of four different persons: the last of these brought him before witnesses to a spot where four roads met, and his choice was given him of these roads. He was then free, and _ámund_, that is removed from under the protection of his former master[418]. But it appears that the master, even though he gave the free roads, might reserve the mund of his freedman, by which he retained the right of inheriting from him, if he died childless[419]; and this recalls to us the provision already cited from the Kentish law[420]. The history of Ramsey informs us that Æðelstán, the son of Manni, adopted this form in a very extensive emancipation of his serfs[421], and we may therefore suppose it to have been a mode usual among the Saxons. Among the Franks, the fullest and completest act of emancipation was that which took place before the king, or in a popular court; the freedman, from the ceremonies adopted on the occasion, was called _Denarialis_, or _Denariatus_, “qui denarium ante regem iactavit.” He became capable of a wergyld, of contracting marriage with a free woman, and in general obtained all the rights of a free citizen. But he still remained in some degree under the mund of the king, who received his wergyld, and had certain rights over his inheritance[422]. I do not know whether this has any connexion with a law of Henry the First, which provides that in _any case_ of manumission, the serf shall give thirty pence to the lord, as a witness, namely the price of his skin, for a testimony that he is thenceforth himself its master[423]. There was a form of manumission among the Franks by charter[424], which however did not confer all the privileges of the _denarialis_. The holder of such a charter was thence called Chartularius: I will not assert that such a system prevailed here, although it is possible that some of the many charters of emancipation, printed in the Codex Diplomaticus, may be of this nature.