Such voluntary associations were not unusual. Several deeds of agreement of such clubs are given in an Appendix to this Chapter. There seems to have been similar clubs among the Hungarians: they were called “Kalender-Bruderschaften,” from usually meeting on the first day of every month. Fessler, Gesch. der Ungern, i. 725. Footnote 451: The later guilds of trades, dedicated to particular Saints, are quite a different thing; in form these bear a most striking resemblance to the φυλαί. ----- It is well known that in the later Anglosaxon law, and even to this day, the tithing and hundred appear as local and territorial, not as numerical divisions: we hear of tithings where there are more, and tithings where there are fewer people; we are told of the _spoor_ of cattle being followed into one hundred, or out of another[452]. I do not deny that in process of time these divisions had become territorial; but this does not of necessity invalidate the doctrine that originally the numbers were calculated according to the heads of families, or that the extent of territory, and not the taxable, military or corporate units, formed at first the varying quantity. Had it been otherwise we should naturally have found a much greater equality in the size of the territorial hundreds throughout at least each Saxon kingdom; nor in all probability would the numbers of the hundreds in respective counties differ so widely,—a difference intelligible only if we assume population, and not space, to have been the basis of the original calculation. Moreover to a very late period, in one part of England the abstract word Teoðung was replaced by the more concrete Tenmantale (tyn-manna-tǽl)[453], to which it is impossible to give any meaning but the simple one the words express, viz. the tale or count of ten _men_. Again, as late as the tenth century, in a part of England where men, and not acres, became necessarily the subjects of calculation, viz. in the city of London[454], we find the citizens distributing themselves into Friðgylds or associations for the maintenance of the peace, each consisting of ten men; while ten such gylds were gathered into a Hundred. The remarkable document known as “Judicia Civitatis Londinensis” gives the following detailed account of the whole proceeding: ----- Footnote 452: Leg. Eádg. Hund. § 5. Thorpe, i. 260. Footnote 453: Leg. Ed. Conf. xx. Footnote 454: I do not for a moment imagine that this was an entirely new organization. The document which contains the record seems to be the text of a solemn undertaking, almost a treaty of alliance, between the City and king Æðelstan, for the better maintenance of the public peace. It is perhaps worth attention that the Tyn-manna-tǽl was a denomination peculiar to another large city—York: but the same authority from which we learn this fact, identifies the institution with that in common use throughout the land. Leg. Ed. Conf. xx. -----