[1] We are indebted for great part of this description to Fullarton’s _Gazetteer of Scotland_. [2] _Caledonia Romana_, p. 11. [3] The _De Situ Britanniæ_ “professed to be a manuscript of the fourteenth century, written by a monk named Richard of Cirencester, made up by him from certain fragments left by a Roman General. The person who stepped forth as the lucky discoverer of so precious a relic was Charles Julius Bertram, English Professor in the Royal Marine Academy at Copenhagen. His revelation was accepted without hesitation, and revolutionized the existing notions about the geography of Roman Britain. After all, the hoax was not absolutely useless; it stimulated inquiry, and, in itself, what it professed to lay down on authority, were the guesses and theories of a learned and acute man.”--Burton’s _History of Scotland_, vol. i. p. 13. [4] _De Bello Gallico_, ii. 17. [5] Tacitus, _Agricola_, xxix. [6] E. W. Robertson’s _Scotland under her Early Kings_, vol. i. p. 31. [7] Stuart’s _Caledonia Romana_, pp. 35, 36. [8] _Agricola_ xxv. [9] _Military Antiquities._ [10] Tac. _Agricola_ xxxv. [11] Burton’s _Hist. of Scotland_, vol. i. p. 9. [12] Tac. _Agricola_ xxxvi, &c. We adopt Murphy’s translation in the main, here and elsewhere. [13] _Scotland_, vol. i. p. 29. [14] Wilson says that beyond the Forth and Clyde nearly the sole traces of the presence of the Romans are a few earthworks, with one or two exceptions, of doubtful import, and some chance discoveries of pottery and coins, mostly ascribable, it may be presumed, to the fruitless northern expedition of Agricola, after the victory of Mons Grampius, or to the still more ineffectual one of his successor, Severus.--_Prehistoric Annals_, p. 365. [15] On the estate of Callender, to the east of Falkirk, distinct remains of this trench are still to be seen, in good preservation, measuring a few hundred yards in length and about 12 feet in depth. [16] There are several other earthworks in England, according to Chalmers (_Caledonia_) and Taylor (_Words and Places_), which go under the appellation of Grime’s Dyke or Grime’s Ditch. _Grime_ in Cornish is said to signify _strong_; in Gaelic, _war_, _battle_. [17] The first writer who mentions the _Picts_ is Eumenius, the orator, who was a Professor at Autun, and who, in a panegyric pronounced by him in the year 297, mentions the _Picts_ along with the Irish, and again, in 308, in a panegyric pronounced by him on Constans, speaks of the _Caledonians and other Picts_. This is one of the passages mainly relied on by those who consider the Caledonians and Picts to have been the same people. [18] _Am. Mar._, xxvii., 8. [19] Wilson’s _Prehist. Annals_. [20] Burton’s _Scotland_, vol. i. p. 74. [21] _Lady of the Lake._ [22] According to Burton, however, these are by some geologists set down as a geological phenomenon.--_Hist. of Scot._ i. 75.