^C. papposus.^ Twelve to fifteen arms, half as long as the breadth of the body; upper surface an open network of calcareous rods, or ossicles; at their points of union are club-shaped tubercles bearing tufts of smaller spines; concentric lines and spots of red and purple over the spiny upper surface; color light underneath. Common on the New England coast. (Plate LIII.) FAMILY ~ECHINASTERIDÆ~ GENUS ^Cribrella^ ^C. sanguinolenta.^ This species is abundant north of Cape Cod and is found of all sizes from half an inch to two inches in diameter and of various colors—purple, orange, red, yellow, flesh-color, etc. It has five round arms, generally about four times as long as the breadth of the disk. The ends are often turned upward. It is covered with crowded short spines, like little warts, which give it a nearly smooth surface. It has two rows of ambulacra. It moves with two of its arms turned forward, as if they were dragging the other three behind them. Unlike most species, the young are not free-swimming, but the eggs are carried around the mouth of the mother, and the young are retained there until they are capable of taking care or themselves. (Plate LIV.) GENUS ^Echinaster^ ^E. sentus.^ This species occurs close to shore in the waters of Florida and is perhaps the most commonly observed species on the beach. It extends as far north as New Jersey. It is purplish in color, and about four and a half inches in diameter, with two rows of ambulacra, five arms, and a surface rough with spines. [pg212] FAMILY ~HELIASTERIDÆ~ GENUS ^Heliaster^ ^H. multiradiata.^ Spines on the upper surface of rays in five rows, but close to the disk proper become reduced to one row. Found on the coasts of Lower California and Mexico. (Plate LIV.) FAMILY ~ASTERIIDÆ~ The /Asteriidæ/ have the following characteristics: four rows of tube-feet; ossicles small and unequal; spines isolated or grouped; pedicellariæ of two forms, forceps-like and scissors-like respectively. They include the very common forms found on all beaches. GENUS ^Asterias^ ^A. vulgaris.^ The common starfish of the Atlantic coast, from Long Island Sound to Labrador. It occurs at low-water mark and extends into deep water. It has five arms, which taper to a point. Large specimens measure fifteen inches across. The upper surface is rough, being covered with short spines, which are largest and thickest at the edges of the rays, and surrounding them are the pedicellariæ. The color varies from pink, yellow, and brown to purple.