440 The following describes a ditch and bank fence: “I very much admire Mr. Birkbeck’s mode of _fencing_. He makes a ditch 4 ft. wide at top, sloping to 1 ft. wide at bottom, and 4 ft. deep. With the earth that comes out of the ditch he makes a bank on one side, which is turfed towards the ditch. Then a long pole is put up from the bottom of the ditch to 2 ft. above the bank; this is crossed by a short pole from the other side, and then a rail is laid along between the forks. The banks were growing beautifully, and looked altogether very neat as well as formidable, though a live hedge (which he intends to have) instead of dead poles and rails, upon top, would make the fence far more effectual as well as handsomer.”—Hulme, in Cobbett, “Year’s Residence in the U. S.,” 282. 441 Ernst in “Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” 156; “Jacksonville (Ill.) Weekly Journal,” Apr. 18, 1877 (in “Ill. Local Hist.,” III., in Wis. Hist. Soc. Lib.) 442 Faux, “Memorable Days in Am.,” 213. 443 Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 244. 444 Faux, “Memorable Days in Am.,” 273. 445 Ernst, in “Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,” 155. 446 Strickland, “Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,” 254. 447 Chapman, Lyde Grove, in “Stories of the Pioneer Mothers of Ill.,” in MSS. in Ill. State Hist. Lib. 448 “Niles’ Register,” XXIX., 37; “Ill. Monthly Mag.,” I., 127. 449 “Niles’ Register,” XXII., 2, 67, 245, 386; “Ill. Monthly Mag.,” I., 129; Loomis, “Journey to the Great West in 1825,” ch. iv., pages unnumbered. 450 “Stories of the Pioneer Mothers of Ill.,” in MSS. in Ill. State Hist. Lib. 451 “Niles’ Register,” XXX., 287; “Ill. Intelligencer,” May 18, 1826. 452 “Ill. Monthly Mag.,” I., 129. _ 453 Ibid._, I., 128-9 454 Fearon, “Sketches of America,” 1817, 261, reprinted in Kingdom, “Am. and the British Colonies,” 63; Birkbeck, “Letters from Ill.” 22, 32-3, 51-2, 69, 78, 85; Birkbeck, “Extracts,” 24-5, shows that a honey-locust hedge could be made (1819) for less than 12 cents per rod. 455 Birkbeck, “Jour. from Va. to Ill.,” 36; Duden, “Nordamerika,” 319. 456 Faux, “Memorable Days in Am.,” 315. 457 Birkbeck, “Letters from Ill.,” 35-6. 458 Mackenzie, “View of the U. S.,” 1819, 298. 459 “Niles’ Register,” XXII., 112. _ 460 Ibid._, XXV., 272. 461 Loomis, “Notes of a Journey to the Great West in 1825,” ch. iv, pages unnumbered. 462 “H. J.” (Ill.), 1828-29, 63. 463 “State Papers,” No. 55, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. III.; “Niles’ Register,” XXVIII., 161. 464 “Niles’ Register,” XXII., 226. 465 Parkison, “Pioneer Life in Wis.,” in “Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,” II., 328-9. 466 Owen, “Ums Jahr 1819 und 1829,” in “Deutsch-Amerikanische Geschichtsblatter,” Jahrgang 2, Heft 2, S. 42.