When the body is constipated, Celsus recommends laxatives, diuretics, and sudorifics. He adds, it may also be proper to let blood, practise gestation, enjoin abstinence from food and drink, and keep the patient from sleeping. He likewise recommends the bath, both of tepid water and of oil. When the bowels are loose he enjoins rest and sleep, gives medicines to restrain sweating, and forbids all exercise except gentle gestation. He also directs us to excite vomiting by copious draughts of tepid water, unless the complaint be of long standing, or there be pain of the throat, præcordia, or side. (iii, 6.) Alexander forbids narcotics, unless in cases of extreme urgency. Avicenna joins him in laying down this injunction, and otherwise directs us to treat the diarrhœa febrilis upon general principles. (iii, 16, 1, 4.) Haly Abbas treats fever, when complicated with constipation, by giving gentle laxatives, such as prunes and tamarinds, or, if these prove injurious to the stomach, by administering clysters. When the diarrhœa is complicated with a discharge of blood, he approves of adding to the other medicines Armenian earth, purslain, sumach, or such like astringents. (Pract. iii, 24.) See Serapion (iii, 17); Rhases (Divis. 67.) According to Prosper Alpinus, the ancient Methodists approved of astringent applications and astringent clysters for febrile diarrhœa. (Med. Meth. vi, 10.) Sydenham and Van Swieten agree with Alexander and Avicenna in forbidding to stop diarrhœa in fevers by means of opiates, unless in extreme cases. SECT. LIX.—ON TRICKLING OF BLOOD AND HEMORRHAGE FROM THE NOSE. Since a trickling of blood indicates a fulness in the whole body, or in the head, being occasioned either by expression or contraction, and as a free evacuation would relax them, and diminish the quantity, it may be proper to evacuate where nature points. With this view, I have ventured, in cases of quartan epistaxis, to open the vessels in the nostrils with the reed called typha. We must not be contented with a small evacuation, but must take away blood in proportion to the strength. Spontaneous hemorrhages from the nose in fevers, when critical, are not to be interfered with; but yet, if the flow of blood be immoderate, it ought to be restrained. In the first place, tight ligatures ought to be applied to the patient’s extremities, and his head elevated. It would appear that a ligature to the privy parts, is particularly adapted for restraining bleeding from the nose. The nostrils ought not to be wiped, nor the part irritated, so that a clot of blood may be allowed to form. Let the nose be cooled by a sponge soaked in oxycrate, and the nostril plugged up with a pledget dipped in some of the astringent applications. The composition of them, and the rest of the treatment, we will deliver more fully in the following Book, “on topical affections.” * * * * *