When the ears or the lips have been mutilated, we restore them by first dissecting the skin below, and afterwards bringing together the lips of the wounds; then removing the callous parts, and afterwards sewing and glueing them together. * * * * * COMMENTARY. This section is taken from Galen. (Meth. Med. xiv.) See, also, the ‘Isagoge.’ Celsus’s observations are too minute and lengthy for our limits. Suffice it to say, that he directs the edges to be pared, and then united with sutures. (vii, 9.) Rhases’ directions for the treatment of mutilated ears and noses are to the same effect as our author’s. (Cont. xiv.) Similar ones are given by Albucasis. He directs us to make the suture either with needles, as in gastroraphe, or with a thread. (Chirurg. ii, 26.) Celsus has been supposed, but, as we think, incorrectly, to touch on the operation for the hare-lip. (vii, 10, 6.) See Sprengel (Hist. de la Méd.) SECT. XXVII.—ON EPULIS AND PARULIS. Epulis is a fleshy excrescence which forms upon the gums beside one of the teeth; but parulis is an abscess which forms near the gums. The epulis, then, we raise with a flesh forceps or a hook, and cut out; but the parulis we divide circularly and fill the incision with tents. I am aware that often when opened only with the common lancet used for venesection and the matter evacuated, the disease has ceased. After the operation we give orders to gargle with wine, then with honied water, and afterwards apply to the wound the Flowery powder, until the cure is completed. But if mortification attack the gums, and do not yield to the suitable applications, we must burn the part with knob-shaped cauteries. * * * * * COMMENTARY. Parulis is the gum-boil. Epulis is a soft fleshy tumour which forms on the gums. Aëtius treats fully of them. To the former he directs us to apply at first such things as promote suppuration, after which it may either be allowed to break of itself or may be opened with a lancet. Styptic applications will then be proper. For the epulis he recommends us at first to apply alum, verdigris, &c., and if these have not the desired effect he directs us to cut it off with a scalpel. (viii, 24, 25.) Celsus treats of both at considerable length by the name of parulides. For that species which corresponds to the gum-boil, among other remedies, he recommends us to hold in the mouth a decoction of figs, and directs to open it before it is ripe, lest the matter should hurt the bone. Larger tumours are to be cut out entire. (vi, 13.) Haly Abbas recommends excision for the epulis, and to open the parulis in due time with a lancet. (Pract. ix, 33.)