As indurated glands are called strumæ, so the almonds of the ears when inflamed, swelled, and as it were, dried, occasioning difficulty of deglutition and of breathing, are called antiades, from their being placed opposite one another. When therefore they are inflamed we must not meddle with them; but when the inflammation is considerably abated, we may operate, more especially upon such as are white, contracted, and have a narrow base. But those which are spongy, red, and have a broad base, are apt to bleed. Wherefore, seating the person in the light of the sun, and directing him to open his mouth, while one assistant holds his head, and another presses down the tongue to the lower jaw with a tongue spatula, we take a hook (tenaculum) and perforate the tonsil with it, and drag it outwards as much as we can without drawing its membranes along with it; and then we cut it out by the root with the scalpel suited to that hand, called ancylotomus, for there are two such instruments, having opposite curvatures. After the incision of one we may operate upon the other inversely in the same manner. After the operation the patient must gargle with cold water or oxycrate; and if any hemorrhage come on he may use a tepid decoction of brambles, roses, and myrtle-leaves; or if the blood flows copiously we must give for a gargle the juice of plantain and comfrey, and the trochisk from amber and the Lemnian earth, dissolved in oxycrate. When the hemorrhage stops, the parts on the next day may be anointed with the flower of roses, saffron, and starch with milk, or with water, the white of an egg, or hydrorosatum. When sordes collect about the ulcers, we may use injections and linctuses made from honey. * * * * * COMMENTARY. Celsus directs us when the tonsils are indurated to scrape the membrane with the finger, and tear it out; or, if this does not succeed, to seize the tumour with a hook or tenaculum, and cut it out; then the wound is to be washed with vinegar, and a styptic medicine applied to it. (vii, 12.) Aëtius directs us to seize the tonsil with a hook and cut it out at the middle. When cut out at the base, he remarks there is danger of hemorrhage. (viii, 57.) Albucasis directs us to make the patient sit with his head on the operator’s bosom, and, while an assistant presses down his tongue, the operator is to seize the indurated tonsil with a hook, and drawing it out, to cut it off with a sharp instrument resembling a forceps, or, in other words, with a pair of scissors. He likewise gives a drawing of another instrument which consists of a lunated piece of iron fixed to a handle. He relates an interesting case in which he performed the operation. (ii, 36.)