rectum or vagina, and press the stone down to the left hip, the operator is to make first a small incision over it, and afterwards, by the help of a sound or specillum, it is to be enlarged so as to allow a passage for the stone. (Chirurg. ii, 60, 61.) Avicenna’s description is nearly the same as that of Albucasis, but not so minute. He directs the surgeon to introduce a finger into the anus, if the patient be a male, but into the vagina if a woman who is not a virgin, and to push the stone outwards, so as to make it protrude. He is then to cut down upon it, making an incision proportionate to the size of the stone; but if the stone be very large, the incision must not be made of the same size, but it is to be grasped in a forceps and broken into pieces. If inflammation come on after the operation, he recommends him to have recourse to clysters, the warm bath, and venesection, and a piece of cloth dipped in oil of roses and some vinegar is to be applied to the part. The bad symptoms after the operation are said to be violent pain in the part and under the navel, coldness of the extremities, prostration of strength, loss of appetite, and, at last, singultus and involuntary discharges from the bowels. (iii, xix, 1, 7.) The description given by Haly Abbas being nearly the same as that of Albucasis, need not be noticed here but very briefly. He prefers performing the operation in infancy, but permits it to be done at all ages. For the reason assigned by our author he states that recovery is most likely to take place when the stone is large. Like the others, he directs the surgeon to introduce either the fore-finger alone, or it and the middle finger into the anus, behind the stone, and to push it outwards, and then the operator is to cut down upon it, making the incision between the testes and the anus, yet not in the middle, but towards the left side. When the incision is carried down to the stone it will sometimes start out from the pressure of the fingers in the anus; but otherwise, it is to be seized upon with a forceps and extracted. If inflammation come on he recommends us to apply a cataplasm, and to throw into the bladder an injection consisting of oil of roses and of camomile, or of melted butter. (Practic. ix, 46.)