Since a simple ulcer is merely a division, if one will bring together the parts which are separated, and apply a circular bandage around, the divided parts will adhere together without more ado. It is necessary, however, when at one of its lips the ulcer is everted obliquely, to begin the bandaging there, and turn it to the opposite side. When it is deranged both ways, it will be proper to use a double-headed bandage, and thus to bring the lips together; for when nothing has fallen between the lips, such as a hair, or a sand, or oil, or filth, or the like, the ulcer will adhere completely. When the ulcer is large, so that the separated parts cannot be completely brought together by the aforesaid bandaging, they are to be first united with sutures, and then bandages are to be thus applied, and those remedies used which are called agglutinants, which have the power of drying and consuming the collected moisture, and prevent more from flowing to the part. * * * * * COMMENTARY. On ulcers the following ancient authors may be consulted: Hippocrates (De Ulceribus); Galen (Meth. Med. iii, & iv); Oribasius (Synops. vii); Aëtius (xiv); Actuarius (Meth. Med. iv, 16); Nonnus (Epit. 259); Pliny (H. N. xxxii, 44); Celsus (v); Octavius Horatianus (i, 19, 20); Scribonius Largus (94); Avicenna (iv, 4, 1, 2, 3); Serapion (vii, 28); Averrhoes (Collig. vii, 32); Haly Abbas (Pract. iv, 18); Alsaharavius (Tract. xxix, 2, 2); Rhases (Ad Mansor. vii, 3; Divis. i, 138; Contin. xxviii.) The author of the Hippocratic treatise quoted above particularly praises wine as a lotion for ulcers; and we may mention that Dr. Hosack, an intelligent American writer, states it as his opinion, that the surgeons of the present day might learn from him an important lesson upon its utility in such cases. He condemns the use of oils and fat. Of all authors, ancient or modern, Galen has laid down the principles upon which ulcers ought to be treated with the greatest precision. He defines an ulcer to be, “a solution of continuity,” a definition evidently very comprehensive, and including wounds as well as cases of spontaneous ulceration. His directions for the treatment of a simple ulcer or fresh wound are similar to those of our author; that is to say, he directs us to bring the lips of it together, and secure them with a bandage, or, if that is not sufficient, by sutures or clasps. Wine he pronounces to be the best of all applications to ulcers, in as far as they are ulcers. Our author copies very closely from Oribasius.