The difference between the Soteriology of these great divisions of Christendom--Catholic and Protestant--consists chiefly in the conception of the mode in which the Atonement of the Son of God became available to the believers. Shedd, in pointing out these differences, states that the decisions of the Council of Trent, which, as we have seen, formulated the church's doctrine on "Original Sin," and "Justification," "makes inward holiness in conjunction with the merits of Christ the ground of justification. The unintentional confounding of the distinction between justification and sanctification," which Shedd admits appears occasionally in the writings of some of the Christian Fathers--Augustine especially--"becomes a deliberate and emphatic identification in the scheme of the papal church." He then sets forth the Protestant view as follows: _The Protestant Position:_ "The Anselmic and Protestant soteriologies mean by the term 'justification,' that divine act, instantaneous and complete, by which sin is pardoned. If we distinguish the entire work of redemption into two parts, a negative and a positive, justification in the Pauline and in the Reformed sanctification would include the former and would include nothing more. Justification is the negative acquittal from condemnation, and not in the least the positive infusion of righteousness, or production of holiness. This positive element, the Reformers were careful to teach, invariably accompanies the negative; but they were equally careful to teach that it is not identical with it. The forgiveness of sin is distinct and different from the sanctification of the heart. It is an antecedent which is always followed, indeed, by its consequent; but this does not render the consequent a substitute for the antecedent, or one and the same thing with it." In a foot note our author quotes the Westminster Confession on the distinction of justification and sanctification: "The Westminster Confession thus states the distinction between justification and sanctification. 'Although sanctification be inseparably joined with justification, yet they differ, in that God in justification _imputeth_ the righteousness of Christ; in sanctification, his Spirits _infuseth_ grace, and enableth to the exercise thereof: in the former, sin is _pardoned_; in the other it is _subdued_; the _one_ doth equally free all believers from the revenging wrath of God, and that perfectly in this life, that they never fall into condemnation; the _other_ is neither equal in all, nor in this life perfect in any, but growing up to perfection" (Larger Catechism, Q. 77). Shedd, continuing the discussion of the differences between the Catholics and Protestants upon this subject, says: