“_The transformation of coercive marriage into a free and equal marriage, one more closely approaching perfection, both naturally and morally, can only be effected in conjunction with social arrangements providing for the complete economic independence of woman, and giving security for her material means of subsistence. Unless this indispensable preliminary is fulfilled, the highest ideal of free morality will be debased to the level of a gross caricature._”--E. DÜHRING. CONTENTS OF CHAPTER XI Free love as a burning question of our time -- Definition -- Free love not equivalent to extra-conjugal sexual intercourse -- Defamation of free love and sanction of extra-conjugal sexual intercourse by the coercive-marriage-morality -- The immoral duplex morality for man and woman -- Its momentous influence upon the sexual corruption of the present day -- Free love as the only source of help -- Actual realization of free love among the proletariat -- Strengthening of the sense of responsibility in consequence of free love. History of free love in the nineteenth century -- William Godwin’s fight against coercive marriage -- His free union with Mary Woolstonecraft -- Shelley’s polemic against conventional sexual morality -- John Ruskin on free love -- Goethe’s marriage of conscience -- His “Wahlverwandtschaften” (“Elective Affinities”) -- The remarkable proposal for a temporary marriage in this romance -- Perhaps based upon a Japanese custom -- Malayan temporary marriage -- Influence of Schlegel’s “Lucinde” -- Karoline’s marriage wanderings -- Free love in Jena and Berlin -- Communistic-socialistic ideas regarding free love -- Rétif de la Bretonne, Saint-Simon, Enfantin, and Fourier -- George Sand’s “Jacques” -- The “Es-geht-an-Idea” of the Swedish author Almquist -- Schopenhauer’s fight against coercive marriage -- His one-sided standpoint -- His description of the disastrous effects of monogamic coercive marriage -- His apology for concubinage -- Criticism of his view of the rôle of women in marriage reform -- His theory of tetragamy -- =First communication of a hitherto unpublished note of Schopenhauer’s on tetragamy= -- Criticism of this theory.