We see all through the Constitution a splendid spirit of justice, and a spirit of charity, even toward the guilty. By this article of the Constitution, not only is treason defined, but any conviction of a person for treason must be upon the testimony of at least two witnesses to the same act, or upon a confession in open court. The innocent must not be punished; and the guilty, when convicted, shall alone bear the punishment. Treason being such a grave offense, Congress may, if it so desires, provide very severe penalties, but it cannot attaint the blood, so that the children or the grandchildren of the guilty person shall suffer as in the olden days; nor shall the right of forfeiture of property obtain, except during the life of the person guilty of treason. No one objects to any penalty, however severe, where treason is proved, but it is contrary to the spirit of America to brand the innocent descendants of one who is guilty of a crime. Of course the children of the guilty will always bear a certain degree of reproach from their fellowmen, but it is not fair that they should be visited with penalties for an offense which they themselves never committed. It is the spirit of America that each person shall enjoy any position in life which he may win by merit and honest endeavor, and no obstacle should be placed in his way by the wrong of an unfortunate ancestor. ELEMENTARY QUESTIONS 1. America is a democracy. Why does this mean so much? 2. What does that phrase bring to mind? 3. Why did we abolish all titles of nobility? 4. What is treason? 5. Why is it limited so carefully? ADVANCED QUESTIONS A. What was the real purpose of abolishing all titles of nobility? B. Why did the founders of the Constitution refuse to permit our representatives to accept gifts from abroad? C. What acts are treason to-day? D. Show how these provisions make for democracy? E. Write a paper on the following: An Illustration of an Act of Treason During the World War How A Person May Obtain a Responsible Position in Life Laws Which Retard Advancement in Life XXII. JURY, EXCEPT IN IMPEACHMENT Criminal Trials, Except Impeachment, To Be By Jury—Equal Rights—No Religious Test For Office There are still three articles of the Constitution containing personal guaranties but the substance of these articles has been considered in connection with other articles already discussed. They are the following: “_The trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury, and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed._”(90) “_The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States._”(91)