Andes, the, 4, 135, 245, 317, 342, 347, 409 et passim Andes, army of the, 168, 173, 174, 185, 186 Andrade, Creole revolutionist, 396 Andueza, Creole revolutionist, 396 Angol, besieged, 145 Angostura (city), 374 Anserma, founded, 409 Antigua, founded, 404, 405 Antioquia, great mineral province of Colombia, 387, 407-409, 412, 416, 417, 419, 422, 433, 437, 451 Antioquia, state of, 407, 457, 461, 462, 467 Antofogasta, 119, 120, 122, 277 Apples, 66 Apure River, the, 355, 374-376, 406, 437; army of, 372, 380 Aragua Valley, the, 350 Araucania, colonised, 216 Araucanians, the, independent spirit of, 138-147, 150, 151, 155; treaty of, with Spanish, 150, 151; missions established among, 201; at war with Chile, 206, 216 Arauco, besieged, 145 Araure, battle of, 368 Arce, President of Bolivia, 278 Arenales, General, 81, 89, 258 Arequipa (city), founded, 44, 80, 99, 103, 108, 110, 112 Arequipa (province), 39, 41, 77, 104, 259 Argentina, 11, 13, 18, 71, 142, 245; civilised tribes of, 58, 350; revolution in, 76, 160, 161, 317; civil wars in, 78, 186, 261, 267, 271, 323 Argentine, army, the, 80, 81, 98, 185, 186, 257, 258; navy, the, 78, 79, 173, 183, 184; pampas, 99 Argentine Republic, the, 140; expansion of, 155, 230, 231; boundary treaty of, with Chile, 209, 210 Arica (city), 108, 123, 125 Arica (province), arrangement between Peru and Chile concerning, 127, 278 Asses, 66 Atacama desert, the, 239 Atahuallpa, Inca empire divided between Huascar and, 14, 308; fratricidal war between Huascar and, 16-19, 238, 295, 296; sends ambassador to Spaniards, 21; treacherously captured by Pizarro, 30, 31, 48; offers ransom, 31, 246; murder of, 32, 238, 297 Atrato, River, the, 403-406; Valley, 405, 472 Audiencias, royal, established, 67, 71, 250, 251, 254, 267, 308, 417, 420, 426 Auqui Toma, 294 Ayachucho, plain of, 95; battle of, 96, 97, 256, 264, 266, 322 Ayohuma, battle of, 256, 258 Azuay, nudo of, 17, 291-293, 295, 298 Aztecs, the, 412 B Balboa, Nunez de, discoverer of the Pacific, 22, 23, 404 Balcarce, General, 185 Ballivian, General, 273, 274 Balmaceda, Chilean Liberal leader, 214-216, 218-220, 222-225; death of, 226 Balta, Colonel, President of Peru, 113, 114, 116 Bambona, battle of, 444 Bananas, 66, 303, 352 Baquedano, General, 213, 219, 225 Barcelona (city), founded, 352; captured, 372 Barcelona (province), 362 Barinos (province), 362, 363, 366 Barley, 66, 303, 343 Barquisimeto, founded, 350, 351; destroyed by earthquake, 363; captured, 368 Barreiro, General, 377, 378, 441 Bastida, Rodrigo, 403, 404 Belgrano, General, 258 Bello, civil code prepared by, 200 Belzu, General, 274, 275 Benalcazar, Sebastian de, conquers Quito, 298, 299, 409, 410, 413, 414 Beni River, the, 246, 279, 280