In the _Slaughter-House Cases_, the court dealt with an act of Louisiana creating a single company to have exclusive responsibility for meat-processing in New Orleans. The law was intended to promote health and sanitation (or so the State insisted), but local butchers attacked it as an invasion of their rights under the Fourteenth Amendment. The Supreme Court would not agree. No right to be a butcher in Louisiana inured to a “citizen of the United States” prior to adoption of the Amendment, and the amendment gave him none. Such rights, privileges, and immunities remained within the jurisdiction of the States after 1868, as surely as they had rested with the States before 1868. In terms of the basic structure of the Union, the War of 1861-65 had changed nothing. The Fourteenth Amendment, though it laid certain prohibitions upon the States and vested in the Congress power to enforce those prohibitions by appropriate legislation, never had been intended “to bring within the power of Congress the entire domain of civil rights heretofore belonging exclusively to the States.” Any such interpretation would radically change “the whole theory of the relations of the State and Federal governments to each other, and of both these governments to the people.” No such results, said the court, “_were intended by the Congress which proposed these amendments, nor by the legislatures which ratified them._” The Fourteenth Amendment had then been in effect only five years. Every member of the court was familiar with the circumstances surrounding its submission and ratification.