[Footnote 53: _The Federalist_, No. 78.] [Footnote 54: "The object of the Act of Parliament was to secure the judges from removal at the mere pleasure of the Crown; but not to render them independent of the action of Parliament." Story, Commentaries on the Constitution, Sec. 1623.] [Footnote 55: Works (Ford's Edition), Vol. X, p. 38.] [Footnote 56: Cf. supra p. 21.] [Footnote 57: The Jeffersonian System, pp. 112-113.] [Footnote 58: Referring to Hamilton's defence of the judicial veto, Jefferson says "If this opinion be sound, then indeed is our Constitution a complete _felo de se_. For intending to establish three departments, coordinate and independent, that they might check and balance one another, it has given, according to this opinion, to one of them alone, the right to prescribe rules for the government of the others, and to that one too, which is unelected by, and independent of the nation." Ford's Edition of his works, Vol. X, p. 141.] [Footnote 59: _The Federalist_, No. 78.] [Footnote 60: _The Federalist_, No. 85.] [Footnote 61: Elliot's Debates, Vol I, p. 421.] [Footnote 62: Ibid., Vol. V, Appendix No. 5.] [Footnote 63: Brinton Coxe, Judicial Power and Unconstitutional Legislation, p. 165. The reader is referred to this work for a discussion of this and other cases.] [Footnote 64: The constitutions of Massachusetts, Maryland, New Hampshire, North Carolina and Virginia contained provisions expressly declaring that no power of suspending laws, or the execution of laws, should be exercised unless by the legislature, or by authority derived from it. The Vermont constitution of 1786 also contained a similar provision.] [Footnote 65: Commonwealth v. Caton, Hopkins and Lamb. Quoted from Coxe, p. 221.] [Footnote 66: Cooley, Constitutional Limitations, 6th ed., p. 193, n. and Thorpe, A Short Constitutional History of the United States, p. 238.] [Footnote 67: Quoted in Coxe, Judicial Power and Unconstitutional Legislation, p. 252.] [Footnote 68: _Ibid._, p. 263.] [Footnote 69: Burgess, Pol. Sci. and Const. Law, Vol. II, p. 364.] [Footnote 70: Elliot's Debates, Vol. I, p. 507.] [Footnote 71: Ibid., Vol. V, p. 429.] [Footnote 72: Ibid., Vol. V, pp. 151, 344, 345, 346, 347.] [Footnote 73: _Federalist_, No. 78.] [Footnote 74: Elliot's Debates, Vol. II, p. 196.] [Footnote 75: Elliot's Debates, Vol. II, p. 489.] [Footnote 76: Ibid., Vol. III, p. 553.] [Footnote 77: 3 Dallas.] [Footnote 78: "'You have made a good Constitution,' said a friend to Gouverneur Morris after the adjournment of the Convention. 'That,' replied Morris, 'depends on how it is construed.'" Gordy, Political Parties in the United States, Vol. I, p. 114. This was clearly understood by the framers of the Constitution and by all the leading Federalists.] [Footnote 79: Rutledge, Wilson, Blair, Patterson, and Ellsworth.] [Footnote 80: Jay, Rutledge, Wilson, Blair, Iredell, Johnson, Chase, Ellsworth, Cushing, Washington, and Marshall.]