_Corvées Seigneuriales._--Our author, in giving the rules for the estimation of the value of forced labour, proves that the right of enforcing it was still to be met with sometimes. He values the day’s work of an ox at 20 sous, and that of the labourer at 5 sous, with his food. A tolerably good indication of the price of wages paid in 1765 may be gathered from this. _Péages._--Respecting the valuation of the tolls our author says, ‘There is not one of the Seignorial rights that ought to be estimated lower than the tolls. They are very precarious. The repairs of the roads and bridges--the most useful to the commerce of the country--being now maintained by the King and the provinces, many of the tolls become useless nowadays, and they are suppressed more and more every day. _Droit de Pêche et de Chasse._--The right of fishing may be farmed out, and may thus give occasion for valuation. The right of the chase is purely personal, and cannot be farmed out; it may consequently be reckoned among the honorary rights but not among the profitable rights, and cannot, therefore, be comprehended in any valuation. Our author then mentions more particularly the rights of _banalité_, _banvin_, _leyde_, and _blairie_, and thus proves that these rights were those most frequently exercised at that time, and that they maintained the greatest importance. He adds, ‘There is a quantity of other seignorial rights, which may still be met with from time to time, but which it would be too long and indeed impossible to make mention of here. But intelligent appraisers will find sufficient rules, in the examples we have already given, for the estimation of those rights of which we do not speak.’ _Estimation du Cens._--The greater number of the _coutumes_ place the estimation of the _cens_, _au denier_ 30 (3-1/3 per cent.). The high valuation of the _cens_ arises from the fact that it represents at the same time all such remunerative casualties as the _lods et ventes_, for instance. _Dîmes inféodées.--Terrage._--The tithes in fief cannot be estimated at less than 4 per cent.; this sort of property calling neither for care, culture, nor expense. When the _terrage_ or _champart_ includes _lods et ventes_, that is to say, when the land subject to these dues cannot be sold without paying for the right of exchange to the _Seigneur_, who has the right of tenure _in capite_, the valuation must be raised to 3-1/3 per cent.; if not it must be estimated like the tithes. _Les Rentes foncières_, which produced no _lods et ventes_ or _droit de retenu_ (that is to say, which are not seignorial revenue), ought to be estimated at 5 per cent. ESTIMATE OF THE DIFFERENT HEREDITARY ESTATES EXISTING IN FRANCE BEFORE THE REVOLUTION. We recognise in France, says this writer, only three kinds of estates:-- (1.) The _Franc Alleu_.--This was a freehold estate, exempt from every kind of burden, and subject neither to seignorial duties nor dues, either profitable or honorary.