In these engines, the whole of the condensing apparatus, _viz._ the cold-water cistern, condenser, air-pump, cold-water pump, &c. are dispensed with, and nothing is retained except the boiler, cylinder, piston, and valves. Consequently, such an engine is small, light, and cheap. It is portable also, and may be moved, if necessary, along with its load, and is therefore well adapted to locomotive purposes. (81.) High-pressure engines were one of the earliest modifications of the steam engine. The contrivance, which is obscurely described in the article already quoted (27.), from the Century of Inventions, is a high-pressure engine; for the power there alluded to is the elastic force of steam working against the atmospheric pressure. _Newcomen_, in 1705, applied the working-beam, cylinder, and piston to the atmospheric engine; and _Leupold_, about 1720, combined the working-beam and cylinder with the high-pressure principle, and produced the earliest high-pressure engine worked by a cylinder and piston. The following is a description of _Leupold's_ engine:-- A (fig. 49.) is the boiler, with the furnace beneath it; C C´ are two cylinders with two solid pistons, P P´, connected with the working-beams B B´, to which are attached the pump-rods, R R´, of two forcing-pumps, F F´, which communicate with a great force-pipe S; G is a _four-way cock_ (66.) already described. In the position in which it stands in the figure, the steam is issuing from below the piston P into the atmosphere, and the piston is descending by its own weight; steam from the boiler is at the same time pressing up the piston P´, with a force equal to the difference between the pressure of the steam and that of the atmosphere. Thus the piston R of the forcing-pump is being drawn up, and the piston P´ is forcing the piston R´ down, and thereby driving water into the force-pipe S. On the arrival of the piston P at the bottom of the cylinder C, and P´ at the top of the cylinder C´, the position of the cock is changed as represented in fig. 50. The steam, which has just pressed up the piston P´, is allowed to escape into the atmosphere, while the steam, passing from the boiler below the piston P, presses it up, and thus P ascends by the steam pressure, and P´ descends by its own weight. By these means the piston R is forced down, driving before it the water in the pump cylinder into the force-pipe S, and the piston R´ is drawn up to allow the other pump-cylinder to be re-filled; and so the process is continued. A valve is placed in the bottom of the force-pipes, to prevent the water which has been driven into it from returning. This valve opens upwards; and, consequently, the weight of the water pressing upon it only keeps it more effectually closed. On each descent of the piston, the pressure transmitted to the valve acting upwards being greater than the weight of the water resting upon it, forces it open, and an increased quantity of water is introduced.