In exactly the same way the lower steam-valve is opened on the arrival of the piston at the bottom of the cylinder, and closed on its arrival at the top by the action of a pin placed on the piston-rod of the air-pump. (51.) Soon after the invention of these engines, Watt found that in some instances inconvenience arose from the too rapid motion of the steam-piston at the end of its stroke, owing to its being moved with an _accelerated motion_. This was owing to the uniform action of the steam-pressure upon it: for upon first putting it in motion at the top of the cylinder, the motion was comparatively slow; but from the continuance of the same pressure the velocity with which the piston descended was continually increasing, until it reached the bottom of the cylinder, where it acquired its greatest velocity. To prevent this, and to render the descent as nearly as possible uniform, it was proposed to cut off the steam before the descent was completed, so that the remainder might be effected merely by the expansion of the steam which was admitted to the cylinder. To accomplish this, he contrived, by means of a pin on the rod of the air-pump, to close the upper steam-valve when the steam-piston had completed one-third of its entire descent, and to keep it closed during the remainder of the descent, and until the piston again reached the top of the cylinder. By this arrangement the steam pressed the piston with its full force through one-third of the descent, and thus put it into motion; during the other two thirds the steam thus admitted acted merely by its expansive force, which became less in exactly the same proportion as the space given to it by the descent of the piston increased. Thus, during the last two thirds of the descent the piston is urged by a gradually decreasing force, which in practice was found just sufficient to sustain in the piston a uniform velocity. (52.) We have already mentioned the difficulty arising from the water in the cistern, in which the condenser and air-pump are placed, becoming heated, and the condensation therefore being imperfect. To prevent this, a waste-pipe is placed in this cistern, from which the water is continually discharged, and a pump L (called the _cold-water-pump_) is worked by the engine itself, which raises a supply of cold water and sends it through a pipe in a constant stream into the cold cistern. The waste-pipe, through which the water flows from the cistern, is placed near the top of it, since the heated water, being lighter than the cold, remains on the top. Thus the heated water is continually flowing off, and a constant stream of cold water supplied. The piston-rod of the cold-water-pump is attached to the beam (by which it is worked), usually on the opposite side from the cylinder.