(_b_) The most improved form of Watt's engine was reached by successive additions to the old atmospheric engine of Newcomen and Cawley. Hence, the working-beam, derived from the pump brake of that engine, always formed a part; and the parallel motion, or some equivalent contrivance was absolutely necessary. In many American engines, and particularly in those used in steam boats, the working beam is no longer used for the purpose of transmitting motion to the machinery. This is effected by applying a bar, called the cross-head, at right angles to the upper ends of the piston-rod. The ends of the cross-head work in iron guides, adapted to a gallows-frame of wood. On each side of the cylinder, connecting rods are applied, which take hold of the cranks of the shafts of the water-wheel. Two other connecting rods give motion to a short beam, which works the air and supply pumps. The working beam is also suppressed in engines which work horizontally. The connecting rod is in them merely a jointed prolongation of the piston-rod, extending to the crank, whose axis lies in the same horizontal plane with and at right angles to the axis of the cylinder.--A. E. (55.) A perfect motion being thus obtained of conveying the alternate motion of the piston to the working beam, the use of a counterpoise to lift the piston was discontinued, and the beam was made to balance itself exactly on its centre. The next end to be obtained was to adapt the reciprocating motion of the working end of the beam to machinery. The motion most generally useful for this purpose is one of _continued rotation_. The object, therefore, was by the _alternate_ motion of the end of the beam to transmit to a shaft or axis a _continued circular_ motion. In the first instance, Watt proposed effecting this by a _crank_, connected with the working end of the beam by a metal connector or rod. Let K be the centre or axis, or shaft by which motion is given to the machinery, and to which rotation is to be imparted by the beam C H. On the axle K, suppose a lever, K I, fixed, so that when K I is turned round the centre K, the wheel must be turned with it. Let a connector or rod, H I, be attached to the points H and I, playing freely on pivots or joints. As the end H is moved upwards and downwards, the lever K I is turned round the centre K, so as to give a continued rotatory motion to the shaft which revolves on that centre. The different positions which the connector and lever K I assume in the different parts of a revolution are represented in fig. 16.