The supply of water which turns the wheel which works the grate and the machinery in the hopper, is regulated by a cock connected with the self-regulating damper; so that when the steam is being produced too fast, the supply of water will be diminished, and by that means the supply of fuel to the grate will be diminished, and the grate will revolve less rapidly: and when the steam is being produced too slowly for the demands of the engine, the contrary effects take place. In this way the fuel which is introduced into the furnace is exactly proportioned to the work which the engine has to perform. The hopper may be made large enough to hold coals for a day's work, so that the furnace requires no other attendance than to deposite coals in the hopper each morning. The coals are let down from the hopper on the grate at that part which is most remote from the flue; and as they descend in very small quantities at a time, they are almost immediately ignited. But until their ignition is complete, a smoke will arise, which, passing to the flue over the vividly burning fuel, will be ignited. Air is admitted through proper apertures, and its quantity regulated by the damper in the same manner as the supply of fuel. The superiority of this beautiful invention over the common smoke-consuming furnaces is very striking. Its principle of self-adjustment as to the supply of coals and atmospheric air, and the proportioning of these to the quantity of work to be performed by the engine, not only independent of human labour, but with a greater degree of accuracy than any human skill or attention could possibly effect, produces saving of expense, both in fuel and labour. (75.) Mr. Oldham, engineer to the Bank of Ireland, has proposed another modification of the self-regulating furnace, which seems to possess several advantages, and evinces considerable ingenuity. He uses a slightly inclined grate, at the back or lower end of which is the flue, and at the front or higher end, the hopper for admitting the coals. In the bottom or narrow end of the hopper is a moveable shelf, worked by the engine. Upon drawing back this shelf, a small quantity of fuel is allowed to descend upon a fixed shelf under it; and upon the return of the moveable shelf, this fuel is protruded forward upon the grate. Every alternate bar of the grate is fixed, but the intermediate ones are connected with levers, by which they are moved alternately up and down.[22] The effect is, that the coals upon the bars are continually stirred, and gradually advanced by their own weight from the front of the grate, where they fall from the hopper, to the back, where they are deposited in the ash-pit. By the shape and construction of the bars, the air is conducted upwards between them, and rushes through the burning fuel, so as to act in the manner of a blowpipe, and the entire surface of the fire presents a sheet of flame.