[Footnote 30: Cellulose is the term applied to the chemical substance which forms woody fibre. The latter is made up of very minute spindle-shaped tubes. In young and succulent plants these tubes are often lined with layers of soft cellulose. In many plants--such as trees--in a certain stage of development, the substance lining the cells is very hard, and is termed _lignin_, or _sclerogen_. This substance is merely a modification of cellulose; and both resemble in composition sugar and starch so closely that, by heating them with sulphuric acid, they may be converted into sugar.] [Footnote 31: One part of oil is equal to 2-1/2 parts of starch--that is, 2-1/2 parts of starch are expended in the production of 1 part of fat.] [Footnote 32: No difference is here assumed between the nutritive value of sugar and starch.] [Footnote 33: Unless when Kohl-rabi is cultivated, for the bulbs of this plant may be preserved in good condition up to June. I have advocated the cultivation of the radish as a food crop in the "Agricultural Review" for 1861.] [Footnote 34: According to some chemists, sugar does not exist in ripe grain, but is produced in it, during the process of analysis, by the action of the re-agents employed and the influence of the air.] [Footnote 35: Report to Government on feeding cattle with Malt, 1844.] [Footnote 36: _Monthly Agricultural Review_, Dublin, February, 1859.] [Footnote 37: _Transactions of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland,_ October, 1858.] [Footnote 38: 3 lbs. of rape-cake, 3/4 lb. malt combs, 3/4 lb. bran, steamed together with a sufficient quantity of straw.] SECTION IX.--ANALYSES OF THE ASHES OF PLANTS. (_Extracted from the Author's "Chemistry of Agriculture."_) Those numbers marked with an asterisk refer to 100 parts of the substance in its natural or undried state; the remaining numbers refer to 100 parts when dried.