Far more plausible is the explanation given of the dialogue of Athene
with Achilles, and of Hermes with Ulysses. These dialogues are stated
to be simply soliloquies of the two heroes respectively. [957] But the
Stoic skill in interpretation appears in its fullest glory in supplying
the etymological meanings of the various names and epithets which are
attributed to Athene. [958] We learn, for instance, that the name
Τριτογένεια refers to the three divisions of philosophy. [959]
Heraclitus discovers the same divisions in the three heads of Cerberus.
[960] Chrysippus, in a diffuse manner, proves that the coming forth of
the Goddess from the head of Zeus is not at variance with his view of
the seat of reason. [961] It has been already observed that Dionysus
means wine, and Demeter fruit; [962] but, just as the latter was taken
to represent the earth and its nutritious powers, [963] so Dionysus was
further supposed to stand for the principle of natural life, the
productive and sustaining breath of life; [964] and since this breath
comes from the sun, according to Cleanthes, it was not difficult to
find the sun represented by the God of wine. [965] Moreover, the
stories of the birth of Dionysus, his being torn to pieces by Titans,
his followers, [966] no less than the rape of Proserpine, [967] and the
institution of agriculture, [968] and the names of the respective Gods,
afforded ample material for the interpreting tastes of the Stoics.
The Fates (μοῖραι), as their name already indicates, stand for the
righteous and invariable rule of destiny; [969] the Graces (χάριτες),
as to whose names, number, and qualities Chrysippus has given the
fullest discussion, [970] represent the virtues of benevolence and
gratitude; [971] the Muses, the divine origin of culture. [972] Ares is
war; [973] Aphrodite, unrestrained passion, or, more generally, absence
of control. [974] Other interpreters, and among them Empedocles,
consider Ares to represent the separating, Aphrodite the uniting, power
of nature. [975] The stories of the two deities being wounded by
Diomedes, [976] of their adulterous intrigues, and their being bound by
Hephæstus, [977] are explained in various ways—morally, physically,
technically, and historically.
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