In Carneades this Scepticism attained its highest growth. The successor of Carneades, Clitomachus, [1532] is known as the literary exponent of the views taught by Carneades. [1533] At the same time we hear of his being accurately acquainted with the teaching of the Peripatetics and Stoics; and although it was no doubt his first aim to refute the dogmatism of these Schools, it would appear that Clitomachus entered into the connection of their doctrines more fully than is usually the case with opponents. [1534] As to his fellow-pupil, Charmidas (or Charmadas), [1535] one wholly unimportant utterance is our only guide for determining his views. [1536] For ascertaining the philosophy of the other pupils of Carneades, [1537] nothing but the scantiest fragments have been preserved. The statement of Polybius that the Academic School degenerated into empty subtleties, and thereby became an object of contempt, [1538] may deserve no great amount of belief; but it does seem probable that the School made no important advance on the path marked out by himself and Arcesilaus. It did not even continue true to that path for very long. Not a generation after the death of its most celebrated teacher, and even among his own pupils, [1539] that eclecticism began to appear, the general and simultaneous spread of which ushered in a new period in the history of the post-Aristotelian philosophy. NOTES [1] Zeller’s Philosophie der Griechen. Part I. 96. [2] Conf. Arist. Metaph. I. 2, 282 b, 19. [3] For the life of Zeno, Diogenes is the chief authority, who appears to be indebted for his information chiefly to Antigonus of Carystus, who lived about 250 B.C. In proof of this, compare the account of Diogenes with the extracts given by Athenæus (viii. 345, d; xiii. 563, e; 565, d; 603, e; 607, e; and, in particular, ii. 55, f) from Antigonus’ life of Zeno. Of modern authorities, consult Wagenmann, in Pauly’s Realencyclop. [4] Diog. vii. 1. Suid. Ζήνων. Plut. Plac. i. 3, 29. Pausan. ii. 8, 4. He is called by others Demeas. [5] Citium, which the ancients unanimously call the native city of Zeno, was, according to Diog. vii. 1, a πόλισμα Ἑλληνικὸν Φοίνικας ἐποίκους ἐσχηκὸς, i.e. Phœnician immigrants had settled there by the side of the old Greek population, whence its inhabitants are sometimes called ‘e Phœnicia profecti’ (Cic. Fin. iv. 20, 56), and Zeno is himself called a Phœnician (Diog. vii. 3; 15; 25; 30; ii. 114. Suid. Ζήν. Athen. xiii. 563, e. Cic. l.c.). A continuous connection between Citium and Phœnicia is implied in Diog. vii. 6; οἱ ἐν Σιδῶνι Κιτιεῖς.