Holding this view of the elements, the Stoics, it will be seen, did not
deviate to any very great extent, in their ideas of the World, from
Aristotle and the views which were generally entertained. In the centre
of the Universe reposes the globe of the earth; [464] around it is
water, above the water is air. These three strata form the kernel of
the world, which is in a state of repose, [465] and around these the
Ether revolves in a circle, together with the stars which are set
therein. At the top, in one stratum, are all the fixed stars; under the
stratum containing the fixed stars are the planets, in seven different
strata—Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Mercury, Venus, then the Sun, and in the
lowest stratum, bordering on the region of air, is the Moon. [466] Thus
the world consists, as with Aristotle, of a globe containing many
strata, one above another. [467] That it cannot be unlimited, as
Democritus and Epicurus maintain, follows from the very nature of body.
[468] The space within the world is fully occupied by the material of
the world, without a vacant space being anywhere left. [469] Outside
the world, however, is empty space, or else how—the Stoics asked—would
there be a place into which the world could be resolved at the general
conflagration? [470] Moreover, this empty space must be unlimited; for
how can there be a limit, or any kind of boundary, to that which is
immaterial and non-existent? [471] But although the world is in empty
space, it does not move, for the half of its component elements being
heavy, and the other half light, as a whole it is neither heavy nor
light. [472]
[(1) Stars.]
The stars are spherical masses, [473] consisting of fire; but the fire
is not in all cases equally pure, [474] and is sustained, as Heraclitus
taught, by evaporations from the earth and from water. [475] With this
process of sustentation the motion of the stars is brought into
connection, their orbit extending over the space in which they obtain
their nutriment. [476] Not only the sun, but the moon also, was
believed to be larger than the earth. [477] Plato and Aristotle had
already held that the stars are living rational divine beings; and the
same view was entertained by the Stoics, not only because of the
wonderful regularity of their motion and orbits, but also from the very
nature of the material of which they consist. [478] The earth,
likewise, is filled by an animating soul; or else how could it supply
plants with animation, and afford nutriment to the stars? [479] Upon
the oneness of the soul, which permeates all its parts, depends, in the
opinion of the Stoics, the oneness of the universe.
[(2) Meteorology.]
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