The Stoic teaching becomes peculiarly interesting, when it treats of
Man; and the line it here follows is decided by the tone of the whole
system. On the one hand, the Stoic materialism shows itself most
unmistakeably in the department of anthropology; on the other hand, the
conviction that all actions must be referred to active powers, and all
the several active powers to one original power, can not be held
without leading to a belief in the oneness and in the regulating
capacity of the soul. Not only does it follow, as a corollary from the
materialistic view of the world, that the soul must be in its nature
corporeal, but the Stoics took pains to uphold this view by special
arguments. Whatever, they said, influences the body, and is by it
influenced in turn, whatever is united with the body and again
separated from it, must be corporeal. How, then, can the soul be other
than corporeal? [486] Whatever has extension in three dimensions is
corporeal; this is the case with the soul, since it extends in three
directions over the whole body. [487] Thought, moreover, and motion are
due to animal life. [488] Animal life is nurtured and kept in health by
the breath of life. [489] Experience proves that mental qualities are
propagated by natural generation; they must, therefore, be connected
with a corporeal substratum. [490] As therefore, the mind is nothing
but fiery breath, so the human soul is described by the Stoics
sometimes as fire, sometimes as breath, at other times, more
accurately, as warm breath, diffused throughout the body, and forming a
bond of union for the body, [491] in the very same way that the soul of
the world is diffused throughout the world, and forms a bond of union
for the world. [492] This warm breath was believed to be connected with
the blood; and hence the soul was said to be fed by vapours from the
blood, just as the stars are fed by vapours from the earth. [493]
The same hypothesis was also used to explain the origin of the soul.
One part of the soul was believed to be transmitted to the young in the
seed. [494] From the part so transmitted there arises, by development
within the womb, first the soul of a plant; and this becomes the soul
of a living creature after birth by the action of the outer air. [495]
This view led to the further hypothesis that the seat of the soul must
be in the breast, not in the brain; since not only breath and warm
blood, but also the voice, the immediate expression of thought, comes
from the breast. [496]
[(2) Divisions of the soul.]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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