In 1528 the Spanish traveler, Cabeza De Vaca, said that the Indian arrows were discharged with such force that the armor worn by the Spaniards did not always avail. He stated that the Indians in Florida used bows as thick as the lower part of one’s own arm and discharged arrows at a distance of two hundred paces “with so great precision that they missed nothing.” He himself observed an arrow sticking in the base of an elm tree to the depth of a span (four inches). Fig. 87 illustrates two specimens from near Albany, Georgia, typical Southern forms, the edges being slightly serrated. Figs. 101, 104, and three in 83, present objects with almost straight stems, 104 presenting Oregon types and 83 Pennsylvania. Fig. 86 marks the beginning of the transition from the straight stem to the stem contracting from the base. Such objects, with abnormally long stems, were undoubtedly originally much longer specimens. The point broke off and the specimen was re-chipped and made serviceable again. White quartz was largely used in the South and in New England, also yellow quartz in North and South Carolina and Virginia. Quartz was harder to chip than other materials. Therefore, there are fewer highly specialized forms in quartz than in either flint or argillite. Yet examples are not wanting in which even so refractory material as quartz was worked down, chipped, and made into a very beautiful arrow-point or spear-head. [Illustration: FIG. 104. (_S. 1–1._) _Chipped implements, from the Willamette Valley, Oregon. B. W. Arnold’s collection, Albany, New York. Reproduced in natural colors. Highest grade of workmanship. Materials: agate, carnelian, jasper, chalcedony, etc._ ] CHAPTER VII CHIPPED IMPLEMENTS STEM CONTRACTING FROM BASE Although there are fine examples of flint-workers’ art in the class, “Stems expanding from base,” yet as a rule it includes more simple forms than stems contracting from base. This is true of most types. Fig. 90 shows simple forms in Class C, p. 23. Fig. 107, from Mr. Braun’s collection, East St. Louis, stands for the long, slender spear-heads occasionally found in the South and the Mississippi Valley region, evincing high art in stone-chipping. The convex stem is shown in Fig. 99. Fig. 119 is from Dr. Jack Shipley of Texas. These present typical Texas specimens with both contracting and expanding stems. [Illustration: FIG. 105. (S. 1–2.) Found near Kutztown, Pennsylvania. Material: block chert. D. K. Deisher’s collection, Kutztown, Pennsylvania. ] [Illustration: FIG. 106. (S. 1–2.) Long black spear-head. The common form of stem contracting from base. Stephen Van Rensselaer’s collection, Newark, New Jersey. ] [Illustration: FIG. 107. (S. 1–3.) Two beautiful white spear-heads. Found near the Cahokia group of mounds. Material: flint. H. M. Braun’s collection, East St. Louis, Illinois. ]