E. Notched or shouldered scraper. (See Figs. 187, 193.) F. Crescent scraper. (Two to the left in Fig. 187, one in Fig. 193.) G. Specialized scraper. (See Figs. 188, 190, 191, 193.) Scrapers are commonplace tools, yet they played an important part in the life of ancient man. They illustrate his economy, for we know that he made over broken spear-heads and arrow-points into scrapers. I have endeavored to show in these illustrations all types, from the circular disc with the scraping edge to the highly specialized forms. Of course, scrapers and knives merge the one into the other, and where the scraper ends, the knife begins. Series can be arranged in any large collection beginning with the simple knife and working back to the scraper, or _vice versa_. In the Mandan village-site ash-heaps more than seven hundred scrapers were found by Mr. E. R. Steinbrueck; the large Mandan collection of five thousand specimens, which contains them, was presented to our Museum through the kindness of Professor E. H. Williams, Jr. A plate of these scrapers is shown in Fig. 190. [Illustration: FIG. 184. (S. 1–2.) Scrapers of classes “A,” “B,” “C,” and “D,” Phillips Academy collection, Andover, Massachusetts. These are from various portions of the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys. ] [Illustration: FIG. 185. (S. 1–2.) Scrapers of Class “E.” These are the more common Wisconsin-Minnesota forms. F. M. Caldwell’s collection, Venice, Illinois. ] [Illustration: FIG. 186. (S. 1–1.) Scrapers, New Jersey types. Materials: jasper and quartz. Stephen Van Rensselaer’s collection, Newark, New Jersey. ] [Illustration: FIG. 187. (S. 1–2.) Twenty scrapers, all with notches or shoulders, from various portions of the United States. Andover collection. Attention is called to the second one from the left in the lower row, which is sharply concave on one side. ] [Illustration: FIG. 188. (S. 1–1.) Specialized scrapers from the Columbia River Valley. B. W. Arnold’s collection, Albany, New York. ] [Illustration: FIG. 189. (S. 2–3.) In the top row a chipped flake and simple forms of scrapers. No. 20 is a highly specialized form. Dr. Jack Shipley’s collection, Pilot Point, Texas. ] [Illustration: FIG. 190. (S. 2–3.) In the lower row, a spoon-shaped scraper to the left, and four ordinary scrapers; the next row from the bottom, two heavy flint flakes worked to a scraping edge. They are of the same form as the Pennsylvania scrapers shown in Fig. 191. ] [Illustration: FIG. 191. (S. 1–1.) Two specialized scrapers from the collection of George A. Huber, East Greenville, Pennsylvania. These are of quartzite and are interesting specimens. The form is not as rare in Pennsylvania and Georgia as one would imagine. Similar forms are shown to the left in the middle row of Fig. 190. ]