FIG. 194. (S. 2–5.) From the collection of the University of Vermont, Burlington. These specimens were collected about the shores of Lake Champlain. Ten of them are scrapers, three of them are reamers or short drills, five of them are scraper-knives and seven are drills. This little collection is typical of Lake Champlain forms, and emphasizes how one type merges into another. Near the centre, the almost angular object with the broken point may illustrate the first form of drill. Just below it and above the two scrapers is a rudely chipped object which may also stand for the beginning of the drill form. ] The preparation of hides was perhaps the most important work, and required the attention of all the women in each village and consequently the employment of thousands of scrapers and flint knives. The value of the buffalo to the aborigines cannot be overestimated. The Indian killed and made use of every part of the animal, and the hide-hunters and white men, who made record killings simply to satiate a lust for blood and slaughter, exterminated the buffalo. Chief of these was W. F. Cody, or “Buffalo Bill,” who killed 4280 buffalo in fifteen months, according to Professor W. T. Hornaday in the Smithsonian Report for 1887. The slaughter of the buffalo by himself and nameless Bills and Dicks, of frontier fame, was responsible for much of the trouble with our Plains tribes. Canada was cursed with no such class of frontiersmen, and Canada never had one twentieth part of the trouble with her Indians that we have had with ours. The extermination of the buffalo by the white hide-hunters was justly considered a national calamity by the Indians of the West. It menaced their very existence and made paupers of whole tribes. CHAPTER XII CHIPPED IMPLEMENTS PERFORATORS These most interesting objects are widespread throughout the United States. Wherever chipped implements abound, they are to be found. Their classification is:— 1. Cross-section. (A) Round. (B) Quadrangular or irregular. 2. Stem. (A) Without stem. (All types shown in Fig. 196.) (B) With stem. (a) Stem expanding gradually. (b) Stem expanding suddenly. 3. Irregular forms.