Some of these objects of manufacture have been found uncovered upon the surface of the ground, or partially covered by the soil; others have been dug or ploughed out by the farmer and road-maker in their operations; and other artifacts as well as human skeletons have been taken from pits or excavations six to eight feet in depth. In only a few localities of eastern Canada have mounds been discovered containing specimens of the work of ancient or prehistoric man. There have been found, however, numerous aboriginal village-sites with many bits of pottery, caches of charred corn, and various sorts of kitchen refuse and primitive domestic tools and ornaments. The following are the principal kinds of ancient artifacts found in this part of the Dominion:— Bone articles, such as needles, awls, knives, scrapers, and harpoons. Shell objects, mostly made from marine shells which had been obtained in tropical or sub-tropical seas. Rude chert, quartzite, and flint objects, some of which are ovate-leaf-shaped, much like the form of certain palæoliths of Dordogne, France. Drills or borers made of chert and quartzite. Arrow-heads of chert, quartzite, and flint, barbed and unbarbed, and of various forms. Spears of slate, often having the tang laterally serrated. Stone knives and scrapers, rude or well-finished; generally made of limestone or of chert. The chert used in the manufacture of scrapers, drills, and arrow-heads was doubtless procured from the Devonian rocks in southwestern Ontario, where it occurs in abundance near Lakes Erie and Huron. Stone axes and adzes, often called “celts.” These are usually made of amphibole and hornblende, related minerals, one a light-green and the latter dark-green in color, and both being hard, tenacious, and durable. Occasionally, however, celts of gneissoid material are found. In nearly all cases these wedge-shaped axes or celts have good form and are highly polished. No doubt they were sometimes used as spades or digging-tools. Well-made gouges, of the same minerals as those in the “celts,” also occur in many localities. Pipes of sandstone, limestone, and quartzite. Usually these exhibit good workmanship. Examples from Ontario are not wanting in which the bowl alone consists of stone, each having a horizontal opening for the insertion of a bone or wooden stem. Some have a perforation at the bottom bored diagonally, probably for the suspension of an ornament. Occasionally one is found having stem and bowl in one piece, and these are chiefly made from a comparatively hard variety of steatite or soapstone. Such are more frequently found northwards toward Hudson Bay, and they may perhaps be referred to the Eskimo, as steatite is used by this people in the manufacture of pipes as well as of culinary utensils. A pipe made from Mexican or Utah onyx, and having a human face-mask carved upon it, has been found in southwestern Ontario.