That the people who built and inhabited the cave- and cliff-houses and the valley houses were one and the same race of people can hardly be doubted. This was pointed out by the writer in 1894. The stone corn-mills, the pipes, the arrow-points, the bowls and jars of pottery, are similar. The house structures were, of course, slightly different, owing to the difference in their environment. But both peoples were agriculturists, both built small rooms or houses for storing corn, gourds, water, and implements, both had arrows for defense and the chase, and both manufactured superior pottery similar in the quality of the material and also in decoration. THE STONE AGE IN DAKOTA The former Territory of Dakota included that portion of the country now forming the States of North and South Dakota. The ancient specimens of handiwork in the Dakota Territory of the early “eighties” comprised surface “finds,” which were mostly stone mauls, hammers, and axes, rude bone and pottery articles of old village-sites, and also various kinds of mound products. The principal artifacts are here enumerated:— _Hide and Bark_ Leather or tanned hide, found occasionally in mound burial-pits. Although evidently very old, it appears to have been carefully tanned, and to have been part of the hide of a buffalo. Baskets made from the bark of the birch tree. These are small and are nearly all of similar pattern. Usually the basket consists of but one piece of bark cut in such a manner that it could be bent and fashioned into a neat basket and stitched together where the parts overlapped. Sometimes two and even three rows of holes are present, showing great regularity, and that a small needle and thread must have been used in the work. _Objects made from Deer Antlers_ Pear-shaped deer antler pipe-bowls, three and one half inches long, and two and one fourth inches wide at the top, have been found by the writer. (See Fig. 428, F.) Deer antler, perforated near one end. Deer antler tyne, perforated and notched. Perhaps this served as a message stick. Deer antler tyne, peculiarly cut and furrowed. Probably a tool. (See Fig. 542.) _Bone Objects_ Bone harpoons for spearing or catching large fishes such as the Great Lake pike of Devils Lake. Bone anklet, with ornamental carving, and having holes near two opposing margins for lace-strings, and other holes perhaps for the attachment of ornaments. Bone tubes or pipe-stems, cut from the hollow bones of birds’ wings. Bone awls, needles, and knife-blades. _Shell Objects_ These comprise objects made from fresh-water shells as well as those made from ocean shells. Among these are the following:—