Cows and sheep were very often grazed on ‘Commons,’ _i.e._, tracts of grassy uncultivated land lying near a village--generally upland or mountain land--which belonged to the whole of the village or townland, but not to any particular individuals. These commons exist to this day near many villages, and are still used as in old times. Women always did the milking, except of course in monasteries, where no women were employed, and the monks had to do all the work of the community. CHAPTER XVIII. HOW IRISH HANDICRAFTSMEN EXCELLED IN THEIR WORK. All the chief materials for the work of the various crafts were produced at home. Of wood there was no stint: and there were mines of copper, iron, lead, and possibly of tin, which were worked with intelligence and success. From the most remote times there were in Ireland professional architects or builders, as there were smiths, poets, historians, physicians, and druids; and we find them mentioned in our earliest literature. There were two main branches of the builder’s profession:--stone-building and wood-building. An ollave builder was supposed to be master of both. The most distinguished ollave builder of a district was taken into the direct service of the king, and received from him a good yearly stipend: for which he was to oversee and have properly executed all the king’s building and other structural works. In addition to this he was permitted to exercise his art for the general public for pay: and as he had a great name, and had plenty of time on hands, he usually made a large income. The three chief metal-workers were the _Gobha_ [gow], the _Caird_, and the _Saer_. The gobha was a smith--a blacksmith; the caird, a worker in brass, gold, and silver--a brasier, goldsmith, or silversmith; the saer, a carpenter or a mason--a worker in wood or stone. We have already seen that the ancient Irish were very skilful in metallic art. Metallic compounds were carefully and successfully studied, copper commonly forming one of the ingredients. The most general alloy was Bronze, formed of copper and tin: but brass, a compound of copper and zinc, was also used. There were two kinds of bronze:--red bronze, used for spear-heads, caldrons, etc.; and white bronze, which was much more expensive, and used for ornamental works of art--fine metal-work of all kinds.