In the United States and Canada as well as in England _Fahrenheit’s_ thermometer is generally used according to which water freezes at 32° and boils at 212° at ordinary air pressure, leaving 180 degrees between the freezing and the boiling point. In some countries in Europe Réaumur’s thermometer is used with 0° for the freezing point and 80° for boiling. In France and for scientific work in all countries, however, the Celsius or Centigrade system is employed for measuring heat and cold, having 0° for freezing and 100° for boiling. As there are 180° Fahrenheit, 80° Réaumur and 100° Centigrade between freezing and boiling, the divisions are therefore as 9° F. to 4° R. and 5° C. To change from degrees of F. above the freezing point to the other systems deduct 32, divide the remainder by 9 and multiply by 4 or by 5 respectively. To change from C. to F. divide by 5, multiply by 9 and add 32, etc. As the metric system is gradually being introduced everywhere instead of the old systems for weights and measures, so also is the Centigrade thermometer being substituted for the others and in cookery it may soon be used exclusively. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 1 pound = 16 ounces = 453.6 grams 1 ounce = 16 drams = 28.35 grams 1 kilogram = 1000 grams = 2.2 pounds 1 gram = 15.43 grains = .035 ounces 1 gallon = 4 quarts = 3.785 liters 1 quart = 2 pints =.9464 liters 1 pint = 16 fluid ounces = .4731 liters 1 fluid ounce = 8 drams = 29.57 c.c. 1 liter = 1000 cubic centimeters = 1.0567 quarts 1 mile = 5280 feet = 1.6 kilometer 1 foot = 12 inches = .3048 meter 1 kilometer = 1000 meters = .6214 mile 1 meter = 100 centimeters = 39.37 inches 1 acre = 43,560 sq. ft. = .4047 hectare 1 sq. ft. = 144 sq. inches = 9.29 sq. decimeters 1 hectare = 10,000 sq. meters = 2.471 acres 1 square meter = 100 sq. decimeters = 10.764 sq. ft. 1 bushel = 4 pecks = .3552 hectoliter 1 hectoliter = 2.8377 bushels 1 U. S. gallon = 128 ounces = 231 cb. inches 1 Imperial gallon (English and Canadian) = 160 ounces = 277 cb. in. 6 U. S. gallons = 5 Imperial gallons 1 gallon of water weighs 8.34 pounds 1 gallon of milk weighs 8.6 pounds A 40 quart can of milk = 86 pounds _Approximate Household Weights and Measures_ 4 saltspoonfuls = 1 teaspoonful 3 flat teaspoonfuls = 1 heaping teaspoonful 1 heaping tablespoonful of granulated sugar = nearly 1 ounce 1 rounded tablespoonful of butter = 1 ounce 2 ordinary cups of granulated sugar = 1 pound 3 ordinary cups of wheat flour = 1 pound 1 pound of granulated sugar = 1 pint 4 flat teaspoonfuls of liquid = 1 flat tablespoonful = ½ fluid ounce 4 large tablespoonfuls = 1 ordinary wine glass = 2 fluid ounces 1 pint = 2 cups or glasses 1 cup or glass = 8 fluid ounces. ------------------------------------------------------------------------