Sometimes the stola was clasped over the shoulder, and in some instances it had sleeves. The _pallium_ was a square outer garment of woollen goods, put on by women as well as men when going out. It came into use during the civil wars, but was forbidden by Augustus. Both sexes also wore in travelling a thick, long cloak without sleeves, called the _pænula_, and the men wore also over the toga a dark cloak, the _lacerna_. On their feet the men wore slippers, boots, and shoes of various patterns. The _soccus_ was a slipper not tied, worn in the house; and the _solea_ a very light sandal, also used in the house only. The _sandalium_ proper was a rich and luxurious sandal introduced from Greece and worn by women only. The _baxa_ was a coarse sandal made of twigs, used by philosophers and comic actors; the _calcæus_ was a shoe that covered the foot, though the toes were often exposed; and the _cothurnus_, a laced boot worn by horsemen, hunters, men of authority, and tragic actors, and it left the toes likewise exposed. An examination of the mysteries of the dressing-rooms of the ladies of Rome displays most of the toilet conveniences that women still use. They dressed their hair in a variety of styles (see page 155), and used combs, dyes, oils, and pomades just as they now do. They had mirrors, perfumes, soaps in great variety, hair-pins, ear-rings, bracelets, necklaces, gay caps and turbans, and sometimes ornamental wigs. [Illustration: ARTICLES OF THE ROMAN TOILET.] The change that came over Rome during the long period of the kingdom and the republic is perhaps as evident in the table customs as in any respect. For centuries the simple Roman sat down at noon to a plain dinner of boiled pudding made of spelt (_far_), and fruits, which, with milk, butter, and vegetables, formed the chief articles of his diet. His table was plain, and his food was served warm but once a day. When the national horizon had been enlarged by the foreign wars, and Asiatic and Greek influences began to be felt, hot dishes were served oftener, and the two courses of the principal meal no longer sufficed to satisfy the fashionable appetite. A baker's shop was opened at the time of the war with Perseus, and scientific cookery rapidly came into vogue.