to the end of the lower jaw and point downward at right angles to it, so that the lower jaw forms a sort of double-pointed pickaxe of great size and strength. This might have been used as a weapon; or, if the creature was aquatic, as a grappling iron to hold by the bank, or by floating timber; but more probably it was a grubbing-hoe for digging up roots or loosening the bases of trees which the animal might afterward pull down to devour them. However this may be, the creature laboured under the mechanical disadvantage of having to lift an immense weight in the process of mastication, and of being unable to bring its mouth to the ground, or to bite or grasp anything with the front of its jaws. To make up for this, it had muscles of enormous power on the sides of the head attached to great projecting processes; and it had a thick but flexible proboscis, to place in its mouth the food grubbed up by its tusks. Taken altogether, the Dinothere is perhaps the most remarkable of mammals, fossil or recent; and if the rest of its frame were as extraordinary as its skull, we have probably as yet but a faint conception of its peculiarities. We may apply to it, with added force, the admiring ejaculation of Job, when he describes the strength of the hippopotamus, "He is the chief of the ways of God. He who made him, gave him his sword." [Illustration: MIOCENE MAMMALS OF THE EASTERN CONTINENT. In the foreground _Elephas_, _Ganesa_, _Hydracotherium_, _Dinotherium_, _Machairodus_, _Mastodon longirostris_. In the middle distance, _Apes_, two _Anoplotheres_, _Palæotherium_, _Xiphodon_, and _Sivatherium_. Sequoias and Fan Palm in the background.]