Melish, John, journey in western New York, 246–248. Ménard, Father, on Lake Superior, 39. Michigan, part of Northwest Territory, 155; a separate territory under Cass, 191–196; becomes a state, 196; in 1840, 266, 267; railroads, 284–288; lumber trade, 343–345; mineral wealth, 347–351. Michigan, Lake, discovered and explored, 35, 39, 40, 49, 67–71; forts on, 70, 118, 119, 166, 172–178; settlement on, 198, 200, 222, 223; travel on, 279–281; commerce of, 337, 357, 361, 369, 370. Michigan City, in 1840, 266, 276; underground railroad station, 302. Milwaukee, founded, 223, 224; in 1840, 266, 279, 280; fur trade of, 337; port for grain, 369; rapid growth, 374, 375. Minerals, copper, 4, 8, 347, 348; iron, 4, 8, 348–354, 367–369; lead, 201, 202. Minnesota, lumber trade, 343, 344, 346; mineral wealth, 352–354. New York, home of Iroquois tribes, 11, 12; Indian trails, 231, 232; turnpikes, 232–236, 242–250; canals, 237, 250–265; railroads, 238–241, 291–298. Niagara, discovered, 52–61; held by French, 101–105; taken by English, 105–112; Indian convention at, 132, 149; in War of 1812, 181, 182, 189. Niagara Falls, location, 5; seen by Hennepin, 52, 53; description of, 53; visited, 246. Niagara, Fort, built, 101–105; captured by British, 105–113; centre of British influence, 153. Niagara River, key to the lakes, 54–60; in War of 1812, 181, 182, 189. Nicolet, 35, 331. Nipissing, Lake, 13, 27, 34, 218. Northwestern Fur Company, 224, 335, 338–341. Ohio, part of Northwest Territory, 155; becomes a state, 191; in 1840, 266, 267; canals, 283, 284; railroads, 284–291; underground railroad, 301, 302; in Civil War, 318. Onondaga, _see_ Syracuse. Ontario, Lake, discovered and explored, 17, 22, 52, 56, 75; forts on, 52, 61, 100–112, 189, 218; travel on, 242; commerce of, 336. Ordinance of 1787, 155, 191. Oswego, trading post, 102, 105, 333; Johnson at, 132, 133; fort, 219; village, 220, 221. Pennsylvania, canals, 284; railroads, 291–297, 299, 302, 368. Perrot, Nicholas, 201. Perry, Oliver Hazard, early life, 181; in charge of Lake Erie fleet, 181–182; battle of Lake Erie, 183–187, 190. Pontiac, meets Rogers, 113; character and early career, 113–116; blockades Detroit, 119–131; later life and death, 133. Pouchot, Capt., French officer at Niagara, 105; besieged by English, 106–111; surrenders, 111. Prideaux, Gen., killed at Niagara, 105, 106. Proctor, Gen. Henry, at Malden, 180, 187; defeated, 188, 189. Radisson, 39.