The story of the UkraineManning, Clarence Augustus
History
The story of the Ukraine
Manning, Clarence Augustus
Kievan Rus -- History; Ukraine -- History
Finally, in 1783, Prince Potemkin, to prevent the flight of more of
the Kozaks from Russian control, persuaded Catherine to renew the
institution under the name of the Kozaks of the Black Sea and settle
them in the area of the Kuban to the east. This brought together under
Anton Holovaty a large number of the Kozaks who continued to take part
in the Russian wars, and finally, early in the nineteenth century, a
considerable number returned from Turkey on the outbreak of another war
between Turkey and Russia.
With the Sich and the eastern areas properly consolidated, Catherine
turned her attention to the Hetman state, which had continued quietly
under the iron rule of Count Rumyantsev. In 1780 Catherine issued a
new order, completely abolishing this and dividing its territory into
three provinces which were to be administered on the Russian pattern.
This was done the next year and serfdom was introduced exactly as
in Russia proper. In 1783, even the old regiments were dissolved as
military units and those who wished to continue service were enrolled
in new regiments of carbineers. Nothing was left which would preserve
the memory of the Hetman state or of the heroic past of the Zaporozhian
Kozaks. Finally in 1786 even the last remnants of autonomy in the
Church were abolished and the property of the individual churches and
monasteries was taken over by the state and placed in the same pool
with all the property of the Church in Russia.
Then in 1793, with the second division of Poland, the largest part of
right bank Ukraine was also brought into the Russian Empire and those
of the Ukrainians who had remained under Poland found themselves again
united with the Ukrainians of the left bank under the new conditions.
Their position had been hard enough before, but the masters were given
even more power under Russian law than they had had under the rule of
Poland and the condition of the helpless peasants grew steadily worse.
The only people who profited were some of the officers, for the
complete abolition of all Ukrainian rights and privileges moved them
into the status of Russian landowners and nobles. Some of them had been
striving to achieve this for a long while. To accomplish it they had
broken down the democratic ideas of the Sich and throughout a troubled
century, they had sought in every way to separate themselves from the
mass of the Kozaks. Now they had at last succeeded, but at the cost of
all of those special privileges which they had so long valued.
The ruin was overwhelming. There was left not a vestige of that
independence or of those traditions which had endured in the Dnyeper
valley since the days of Prince Volodymyr. The spirit of Moscow had
conquered and its will to unity had been achieved. Nothing could be
left except the songs sung by despairing serfs. The written records
were preempted by the conquerors and the official Russian history
whereby Moscow was the legitimate descendant of Kiev had no one to
contradict it.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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