For photographing the sun a special instrument called a _photoheliograph_ is usually employed. This differs only from an ordinary photographic telescope in being provided with a secondary magnifier, by which means the focal image formed by the object-glass is amplified before falling upon the photographic plate. On a bright, clear day pictures of the sun eight inches in diameter can be taken with an exposure of about 1/500th of a second, and such a photograph will frequently record more facts as to the state of the solar surface than a whole day’s observation. Lenses or mirrors of very long focus are also occasionally employed in solar photography, and in this way a large image is obtained without the use of a secondary magnifier. Photographs of the moon and planets may be taken either with or without a secondary magnifier, but in either case the exposures are longer than for the sun. Finally, it may be added that the sensitive plates and processes used in astronomical photography do not differ from those employed by ordinary photographers. FOOTNOTES: [22] The focal length of a lens is the distance from its centre at which an image of a very distant object, such as the sun, is formed. METEORS.—SIR ROBERT S. BALL Our present knowledge as to the natural history of the shooting stars has been mainly acquired during the last hundred years. The first important step in the comprehension of these bodies was to recognize that the brilliant flash of light was caused by some object which came from without and plunged into our air. This was known at the end of the Eighteenth Century, largely by the labors of the philosopher Chladni in 1794. [Illustration: A Portion of the Moon’s Disk Where Four Mountain Ranges Meet] Could an ordinary shooting star tell us its actual history, the narrative would run somewhat as follows: