Jupiter has no certain and single period of rotation. Nearly all the spots that from time to time come into view on its disk are in relative motion, and thus give only individual results. The great red spot has the slowest drift of all (with the rarest exceptions), while the black cohorts of the Northern Hemisphere outmarch all competitors. Mr. Stanley Williams, as the upshot of long study, has delimitated nine atmospheric surfaces with definite periods. They are well marked, and evidently have some degree of permanence, yet the velocities severally belonging to them are distributed with extreme irregularity. Thus, two narrow, adjacent zones differ in movement by 400 miles an hour. This state of things must obviously be maintained by some constantly acting force, since friction, if unchecked, would very quickly abolish such enormous discrepancies. The rotational zones are unsymmetrically placed; there is no correspondence between those north and south of the Jovian equator; and, although the equatorial drift is quicker than that of either tropic, it is outdone in 20° to 24° north latitude. Jupiter’s equatorial rotation, as indicated by observations of spots, is accomplished in 9 hours 50 minutes; but Bélopolsky and Deslandres’s spectrographic determinations gave rates of approach and recession falling somewhat short of the corresponding velocity. [Illustration: Three Views of Saturn Showing Varying Aspects of the Ring taken at Different Intervals: 1, Feb. 2, 1862; 2, Nov. 3, 1858; 3, March 23, 1856] However this be, the rotation of the great planet, albeit ill-regulated (if the expression be permissible), is distinctly of the solar type. It is itself a “semi-sun,” showing no trace of a solid surface, but a continual succession of cloud-like masses belched forth from within. Jupiter’s low mean density, considered apart from every other circumstance, suffices to demonstrate the primitive nature of his state. In a sun-like body, the circulation is bodily and vertical. That the processes going on in Jupiter are of this kind is beyond question. Exchanges of hot and colder substances are effected, not by surface-flows, but by up and down rushes. The parallelism of his belts to his equator makes this visible to the eye. An occasional oblique streak betokens a current in latitude, but it is exceptional, and might be called out of character. Jupiter’s true atmosphere encompasses the disturbed shell of vapors observed telescopically. Its general absorptive action upon light is betrayed by the darkening of the planet’s limb—another point of resemblance to the sun; while its special, or selective, absorption can only be detected with the spectroscope.