Where the coast has been low and the sea has gradually encroached, the remains of stumps of trees are often exposed after a gale. Then what is called part of a submarine forest is opened to the sight. There are many of them around England and especially on the coast of Norfolk and Essex, on the east; in many places on the south coast as far as Torbay; and on the west they are found in the Bristol Channel, and about Holyhead and the river Mersey. Sometimes it appears that the sunken forest has not been altogether produced by the encroachment of the sea on the land, and that sinking of the coast, or slipping of part of it, has caused the event. When the sea comes in on the land, it wears everything before it, and any forest land would in most instances be completely wrecked and the roots of the great trees would be worn and torn out of the soft earth and carried off to sea by the waves, tides, and currents. On looking at some smaller forests which are laid bare at very low tides, it is found that they consist of stumps of trees of great size, whose roots are still in the clay in which they grew, and a quantity of mud and sand is between the stumps and protects them from the usual action of water on submerged land. It appears that some movement of the earth’s crust had caused the coast to sink down, and then the sea invaded without wearing off the land. The trees were ruined by the sea-water, and broken off, and the mud, sand, and stone collected around the stumps. It is not uncommon to see collections of stone and shells high up on the face of a rock or cliff, and when they are carefully examined they are found to resemble a bit of a shore or a piece of the beach, hoisted up many feet above the present line of the waves and tides. They are called raised beaches, and they were formed by an upheaval of part of the coast with its shore during movements in the crust of the globe. There was a shore and a cliff, as there may be now, and the whole was pushed up some twenty, thirty, or more than a hundred feet beyond the reach of the highest tides and waves. In years past the waves broke upon the cliff beneath the upraised portion, and wore it away bit by bit; and then the air and sun acted with the rain in wearing it, and now only a portion remains. Every coast-line is subject to these sinkings-down and upheavals, and of course a seashore is produced rapidly, and is made broad and shallow during the first kind of occurrence, and is stopped and has to be formed afresh during the last. As these remarkable movements of the outside of the globe are not universal, and affect some parts of a coast more than others, they will tend to give great variety to the seashores of a country. Together with the varying action of the tides, waves, and currents upon cliffs and rocks of different stones and earths, and of many hardnesses, these movements have made the shores of Great Britain very curiously varied in their size and character.