So far we have considered leaves as fulfilling their normal functions of producing plant-food by means of chlorophyll cells. In conclusion, brief reference may be made to various exceptions; for the production of plant-food is not necessarily carried on by leaves, nor is the use of leaves altogether limited to the production of plant-food. First, leaves may be dispensed with, as we have already seen in the case of the gorse. The stem may be modified to supply the place of leaves, as in the butcher’s broom, whose flattened “leaves” are really branches, as we see when we find flowers and fruit borne on these flat leaf-like structures. In climbing plants the leaves, or a portion of them, are frequently converted into tendrils, often endowed with a marvelous sense of touch, for grasping supports and thus aiding the plant in its upward climb through surrounding herbage to the light. This is seen in many of the vetches, the upper end of whose leaves are modified in this fashion. In the yellow vetchling (Lathyrus aphaca) a further modification has taken place. The whole leaf is converted into a tendril, while the stipules (the usually small pair of leaf-like appendages that often grow at the point where a leaf joins a stem) are enlarged into a very respectable pair of “leaves,” and manufacture food while the true leaf helps the plant to climb. WIND-FERTILIZED FLOWERS --ALEXANDER S. WILSON As an agent in cross-fertilization, the wind performs an indispensable service to many plants. Flowers which depend on its agency for the transport of their pollen are termed anemophilous; those adapted to insects, entomophilous. Wind-fertilized blossoms are all of small size, obscurely colored, and, even when clustered together in catkins, inconspicuous; hence they escape observation more readily than their entomophilous neighbors, which are adorned with bright colors to allure visitors. Although anemophilous flowers do not exhibit the variety of curious contrivances found in the entomophilous class, they yet present a number of highly interesting characters, and are well worthy of examination. Wind-fertilization is universal in the lower or gymnospermous division of flowering plants, of which we have examples in the pine, larch, cedar, and other coniferous trees. The apetalous dicotyledons or Incompletæ form another large group in which wind-fertilization prevails extensively.