{ Exogens have an embryo with { two or three more cotyledons; { leaves with netted veins; { Cotyledons, two. { the trunk consisting of woody { Wood with concen- { bundles, composed of dotted VII EXOGENS { tric rings. Leaves { vessels and woody fibres; { netted-veined. { arranged round a central pith, { Seeds inclosed in { either in concentric rings or { seed-vessels. { in a homogeneous mass, but { always having medullary plates { forming rays from the centre { to the circumference. FRUITS AND SEEDS --LORD AVEBURY Fruits and seeds, though not generally so conspicuous as flowers, are not less interesting. In considering them, it is fortunately not necessary to use many technical terms, though it is impossible to avoid them altogether. In order to understand the structure of the seed, we must commence with the flower, to which the seed owes its origin. Now, if you take such a flower as, say, a geranium, you will find that it consists of the following parts: Firstly, there is a whorl of green leaves, known as the sepals, and together forming the calyx; secondly, a whorl of colored leaves, or petals, generally forming the most conspicuous part of the flower, and called the corolla; thirdly, a whorl of organs more or less like pins, which are called stamens, in the heads or anthers of which the pollen is produced. These anthers are in reality, as Goethe showed, modified leaves; in the so-called double flowers, as, for instance, in our garden roses, they are developed into colored leaves like those of the corolla, and monstrous flowers are not infrequently met with, in which the stamens are green leaves, more or less resembling the ordinary leaves of the plant. Lastly, in the centre of the flower is the pistil, which also is theoretically to be considered as constituted of one or more leaves, each of which is folded on itself, and called a carpel. Sometimes there is only one carpel. Generally the carpels have so completely lost the appearance of leaves, that this explanation of their true nature requires a considerable amount of faith, though in others, as for instance in the Columbine (Aquilegia), the original leaf-form can still be traced. The base of the pistil is the ovary, composed of one or more carpels, in which the seeds are developed. I need hardly say that many so-called seeds are really fruits; that is to say, they are seeds with more or less complex envelopes.