The order Ruminantia is principally represented by Old World species, of which 162 have been defined, while only 24 species have been discovered in the New World, and none in Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, or the Polynesian Isles. The camelopard is now peculiar to Africa; the musk-deer to Africa and Asia; out of fifty defined species of antelope, only one is known in America, and none in the central and southern divisions of the New World. The bison of North America is distinct from the bison of Europe. The musk-ox alone, peculiar for its limitation, to high northern latitudes, roams over the Arctic coasts of both Asia and America. The deer tribe are more widely distributed. The camels and dromedaries of the Old World are represented by the llamas and vicunas of the New. As, in regard to a former (Tertiary) zoological period, the fossil Camilidæ of Asia are of the genus Camilus, so those of America are of the genus Auchenia. This geographical restriction ruled prior to any evidence of man’s existence. Palæontology has expanded our knowledge of the range of the giraffe: during Miocene or old Pliocene periods, species of Camelopardalis roamed in Asia and Europe. Passing to the non-ruminant Artiodactyles, geology has also taught us that the hippopotamus was not always confined, as now, to African rivers, but bathed, during Pliocene times, in those of Asia and Europe. But no evidence has yet been had that the giraffe or hippopotamus were ever other than Old World forms of Ungulata. With respect to the hog tribe, we find that the true swine (Sus) of the Old World are represented by peccaries (Dicotyles) in the New; and geology has recently shown that Tertiary species of Dicotyles existed in North as well as South America. But no true Sus has been found fossil in either division of the New World, nor have the Dicotyles been found fossil in the Old World of the geographer. One of the earliest forms of the European rhinoceros was devoid of the nasal weapon.