not merely by the presence of the Arctic animals, but by the numerous ice-borne blocks in the river gravels dropped in the spring after the break-up of the frosts. The River-drift man is proved, by the implements which he left behind, to have wandered over the whole of France, and to have hunted the same animals in the valley of the Loire and the Garrone, as in the valley of the Thames. In the Iberian peninsula he was also a contemporary of the African elephant, the mammoth, and the straight-tusked elephant, and he occupied the neighborhood both of Madrid and Lisbon. He also ranged over Italy, leaving traces of his presence in the Abruzzo, and in Greece he was a contemporary of the extinct pygmy hippopotamus (H. Pentlandi). South of the Mediterranean his implements have been met with in Oran, and near Kolea in Algeria, and in Egypt in several localities. At Luxor they have been discovered by General Pitt-Rivers in the breccia, out of which are hewn the tombs of the kings. In Palestine, they have been obtained by the Abbé Richard between Mount Tabor and the Sea of Tiberias; and by Mr. Stopes between Jerusalem and Bethlehem. Throughout this wide area the implements, for the most part of flint or of quartzite, are of the same rude types, and there is no difference to be noted between the hatchets found in the caves of Cresswell in Derbyshire and those of Thebes, or between those of the valley of the Somme and those of Palestine. The River-drift hunter ranged over the Indian peninsula from Madras as far north as the valley of the Nerbudda. Here we find him forming part of a fauna in which are species now living in India, such as the Indian rhinoceros and the arnee, and extinct types of oxen and elephants. There are two extinct hippopotami in the rivers, and living gavials, turtles, and tortoises. It is plain, therefore, that at this time the fauna of India stood in the same relation to the present fauna as the European fauna of the late Pleistocene does to that now living in Europe. In both there was a familiar association of extinct and living forms, from both the genus hippopotamus has disappeared in the lapse of time, and in both man forms the central figure. We are led from the region of tropical India to the banks of the Delaware, in New Jersey, by the recent discoveries of Dr. C. C. Abbott. Here, too, living and extinct species are found side by side. Thus in our survey of the group of animals surrounding man when he first appeared in Europe, India, and North America, we see that in all three regions, so widely removed from each other, the animal life was in the same stage of evolution, and “the old order” was yielding “place unto the new.” The River-drift man is proved by his surroundings to belong to the Pleistocene age in all three. The evidence of Palæolithic man in South Africa seems to me unsatisfactory, because the age of the deposits in which the implements are found has not been decided.