connected with the Fuegians agrees with the supposition that their “utter barbarism” was due entirely to the cruel conditions of their life, and the wretched country into which they had been driven. The Bushmen of South Africa are another case in point. It seems to be clearly ascertained that they belong to the same race as other tribes who are far less degraded, and that they are simply the descendants of outcasts driven to the woods and rocks. So, again, among the great islands of the Pacific, the natives of Van Diemen’s Land were the most utterly degraded of all the Polynesian races. With these facts staring us in the face, connecting themselves in an obvious order with causes which we know to be all operating in one direction, is it not absurd to argue that the condition of these outcasts of the human family can be assumed as representing the aboriginal condition of man? Is it not certain that whatever advances toward civilization may have been made among their progenitors, such advances must necessarily have been lost under the conditions to which their children are reduced? And now we can better estimate the value to be set on the arguments which have been founded on the rude implements found in the river drifts and in the caves of Northern Europe. I, for one, accept the evidence which geology affords that these implements are of very ancient date. I accept too the evidence which that science affords, that these implements were in all probability the ice hatchets and rude knives used by tribes which toward the close of the glacial age had pushed their way to the furthest limits of the lands which were then habitable. And what follows? The inevitable conclusion is, that it must be about as safe to argue from those implements as to the condition of man at that time, in the countries of his primeval home, as it would be in our own day to argue from the habits and arts of the Eskimo as to the state of civilization in London or in Paris. RACES OF MANKIND --WILLIAM HUGHES It is estimated that the earth is inhabited, at the present time, by 1,450 millions of human beings, who are distributed over its surface in the manner shown in the following table: