The Dutch anatomist Camper, after having compared Greek and Roman statues, or medals of either nationality, assumed that the cause of the intellectual superiority which distinguished Greek from Roman physiognomies was to be found in the fact that, with the Greeks, the facial angle is larger than in Roman heads. Starting with this observation, Camper pursued his inquiries until it occurred to him to advance the theory that the increase of the facial angle may be taken in the human race as a sign of superior intelligence. This observation was correct, insomuch as it separated men from apes, and carrion birds from other birds. But its application to different varieties of men, as a measure of their various degrees of intelligence, was a pretension doomed to be sacrificed to future investigations. Dr. Jacquart, assistant naturalist in the Museum of Natural History at Paris, calling to his aid an instrument he invented, by which the facial angle is rapidly measured, has, in our day, made numerous studies of the facial angle of human beings. M. Jacquart found that this angle can not be taken as a measure of intelligence, for he observed it to be a right angle in individuals who, with respect to intelligence, were in no way superior to others whose facial angle was much smaller. Erect carriage is another of the characteristics which distinguish the human species from all other animals, including the ape, by whom this position is but rarely assumed, and then accidentally and unnaturally. Everything in the human skeleton is calculated to ensure a vertical posture. In the first place, the head articulates with the vertebral column at a point so situated that, when this vertebral column is erect, the head, by means of its own weight, remains supported in equilibrium. Besides this, the shape of the head, the direction of the face, the position of the eye, and the form of the nostrils all require that man should walk erect on two feet. J. J. Rousseau was, therefore, very far from right when he contended that man was born to go on all fours. INDEX A Abbott, C. C., 1653 Abdelrahman Sûfi, 119 Acacia, 928, 950 Acalephian Hydroids, 459 Acalephs, 459 Acanth family, 483 Acephala, 459 Achenar, 57, 98, 147 Acorns, 1177 Acrogens, 455, 483, 1000 Adams, Prof., 431 Adanson, Michel, 994 Adanson’s region, 940 Adelsberg, cave of, 617-20 Æpyornis, 1524 Affinities, 1511-12 Afghans, 1672 Africa, deserts of, 947 fauna of, 1548-52 races of, 1675 vegetation in, 909-15 Agardh, 1266, 1267 Agassiz, 1213, 1297 Agriculture, progress of, 1091-99 Air, 773, 778-84 Airy, Sir George, 316, 806 Albatross, 1523 Alcor, 67, 81, 126-27, 196-97 Aldebaran, 57, 63, 96, 116, 124, 152, 187, 316 Alga, red snow, 514-15, 930 Algæ, 454, 455, 710, 712, 887, 888 Algol, 85, 128, 193, 208, 216-20 Alhazan, 799 Allen, Grant, 1003, 1104 Alligators, 1392, 1557, 1570, 1623 Aloes, 953