“They think it is an evidence of true wisdom for a man to pursue his
own advantages, as far as the laws allow it. They account it piety to
prefer public good to one’s private concerns; but they think it unjust
for a man to seek for pleasure by snatching another man’s pleasures
from him.
“Thus upon an inquiry into the whole matter, they reckon that all
our actions, and even all our virtues, terminate in pleasure, as in
our chief end and greatest happiness; and they call every motion or
state, either of body or mind, in which Nature teaches us to delight,
a pleasure. They cautiously limit pleasure only to those appetites to
which Nature leads us; for they say that Nature leads us only to those
delights to which reason as well as sense carries us, and by which we
neither injure any other person nor lose the possession of greater
pleasures, and of such as draw no troubles after them.”
Thus the Utopians discriminate between natural pleasures and those
which have some sting or bitterness concealed in them. The love of fine
clothes is considered by Utopians as a pleasure of the latter sort;
likewise is the desire of those who possess fine clothes to be kowtowed
to by other people. Men who heap up wealth without using it are in the
same class; and those who throw dice or hunt--for in Utopia hunting is
turned over to the butchers, and the butchers are slaves.
Now Utopians “reckon up several sorts of pleasures which they call true
ones; some belong to the body and others to the mind. The pleasures of
the mind lie in knowledge, and in that delight which the contemplation
of truth carries with it; to which they add the joyful reflections on
a well-spent life; and the assured hopes of a future happiness. They
divide the pleasures of the body into two sorts; the one is that
which gives our senses some real delight, and is performed, either by
recruiting nature, and supplying those parts which feed the internal
heat of life by eating and drinking; or when nature is eased of any
surcharge that oppresses it; when we are relieved from sudden pain,
or that which arises from satisfying the appetite which Nature has
wisely given for the propagation of the species. There is another
kind of pleasure that arises neither from our receiving what the body
requires, nor its being relieved when overcharged, and yet by a secret,
unseen virtue affects the senses, raises the passions, and strikes the
mind with generous impressions; this is the pleasure that arises from
music. Another kind of bodily pleasure is that which arises from an
undisturbed and vigorous constitution of body, when life and active
spirits seem to actuate every part. This lively health, when entirely
free from all mixture of pain, of itself gives an inward pleasure ...
and Utopians reckon it the foundation and basis of all the other joys
of life, since this alone makes the state of life easy and desirable;
and when this is wanting a man is really capable of no other pleasure.”
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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