[Illustration: Fig. 98.--External Reproductive Organs of Female. _T^8_, &c., terga; _S^7_, &c., sterna; _G_, anterior gonapophysis; _G_′, its base; _g_, posterior gonapophyses; _Od_, oviduct; _sp_, spermatheca; _R_, rectum. The upper figure shows the parts in oblique profile; the left lower figure is an oblique view from before of the outlet of the uterus, the anterior gonapophyses being cut short; the right lower figure shows the gonapophyses. Arrows indicate the outlet of the oviduct and uterus.] A pair of appendages (anterior gonapophyses) are shown by the development of the parts to belong to the 8th somite. They are slender, irregularly bent, and curved inwards at the tips. A small, forked, chitinous slip connects them with both the 8th and 9th terga, but their principal attachment is to the upper (properly, posterior) edge of the 8th sternum. The anterior gonapophyses expand at their bases into broad horizontal plates, which form part of the roof of the genital pouch. Two pairs of appendages, belonging to the 9th somite, form the posterior gonapophyses. The outer pair are relatively large, soft, and curved: the inner narrow, hard, and straight.[167] [167] The descriptions and figures of the reproductive appendages of female Orthoptera by Lacaze-Duthiers (Ann. Sci. Nat., 1852) are so often consulted, that it may be useful to explain how we understand and name the same parts. In pl. xi., fig. 2, 8′ and 9′ are the 8th and 9th terga; the anterior gonapophyses are seen to be attached to them below; _a_ (figs. 2 and 4) is the base of the same appendage, but the twisted ends are incorrect; the 8th sternum is seen at the back (figs. 2 and 4); _a_′ represents the outer, _f_ the inner pair of posterior gonapophyses. The anterior gonapophyses form the lower, and the posterior the upper jaw of a forceps, which in many Insects can be protruded beyond the body. Some of the parts are often armed with teeth, and the primary use of the apparatus is to bore holes in earth or wood for the reception of the eggs. Hence the apparatus is often called the _ovipositor_. It forms a prominent appendage of the abdomen in such Insects as Crickets, Saw-flies, Sirex, and Ichneumons. The sting of the Bee is a peculiar adaptation of the same organ to a very different purpose. In the Cockroach the ovipositor is used to grasp the egg-capsule, while it is being formed, filled with eggs, and hardened; and the notched edge (fig. 5, p. 23) is the imprint of the inner posterior gonapophyses, made while the capsule is still soft. The shape of the parts in the male and female indicates that the ovipositor is passive in copulation, and is then raised to allow access to the spermatheca. _Male Reproductive Organs._