M. Gaudin, jointly with the Marquis Strozzi, has thrown much light on the botany of beds of the same age in another part of Tuscany, at a place called Montajone, between the rivers Elsa and Evola, where, among other plants, is found the _Oreodaphne Heerii_, Gaud. (see Fig. 134), which is probably only a variety of _Oreodaphne foetens_, or the laurel called the Til in Madeira, where, as in the Canaries, it constitutes a large portion of the native woods, but cannot now endure the climate of Europe. In the fossil specimens the same glands or protuberances are preserved[6] (see Fig. 134) as those which are seen in the axils of the primary veins of the leaves in the recent Til. Another plant also indicating a warmer climate is the _ Liquidambar europæum_, Brong. (see Fig. 135), a species nearly allied to _L. styracifluum_, L., which flourishes in most places in the Southern States of North America, on the borders of the Gulf of Mexico. [1] See Antiquity of Man, chap. xiv. [2] Ehrenberg proposed in 1831 the term _ Bryozoum_, or “Moss-animal,” for the molluscous or ascidian form of polyp, characterised by having two openings to the digestive sack, as in _Eschara, Flustra, Retepora,_ and other zoophytes popularly included in the corals, but now classed by naturalists as mollusca. The term _Polyzoum,_ synonymous with _ Bryozoum,_ was, it seems, proposed in 1830, or the year before, by Mr. J. O. Thompson. [3] E. Forbes Mem. Geol. Survey of Gt. Brit., vol. i, p. 386. [4] See a Memoir on the Lavas and Mode of Origin of Mount Etna by the Author in Phil. Trans., 1858. [5] Feuilles fossiles de la Toscane. [6] Contributions à la Flore fossile Italienne. Gaudin and Strozzi. Plate 11, Fig. 3. Gaudin, p. 22. CHAPTER XIV. MIOCENE PERIOD—UPPER MIOCENE. Upper Miocene Strata of France—Faluns of Touraine. — Tropical Climate implied by Testacea. — Proportion of recent Species of Shells. — faluns more ancient than the Suffolk Crag. — Upper Miocene of Bordeaux and the South of France. — Upper Miocene of Œningen, in Switzerland. — Plants of the Upper Fresh-water Molasse. — Fossil Fruit and Flowers as well as Leaves. — Insects of the Upper Molasse. — Middle or Marine Molasse of Switzerland. — Upper Miocene Beds of the Bolderberg, in Belgium. — Vienna Basin. — Upper Miocene of Italy and Greece. — Upper Miocene of India; Siwalik Hills. — Older Pliocene and Miocene of the United States. Upper Miocene Strata of France—Faluns of Touraine.—The strata which we meet with next in the descending order are those called by many geologists “Middle Tertiary,” for which in 1833 I proposed the name of Miocene, selecting the “faluns” of the valley of the Loire, in France, as my example or type. I shall now call these falunian deposits Upper Miocene, to distinguish them from others to which the name of Lower Miocene will be given.